SIMPLIFICATIONS IN ENGLISH

ABSTRACT

This scientific work examines topical issues related to certain transformations in modern English, namely simplifications.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной научной работе рассматриваются актуальные вопросы, связанные с определенными трансформациями в современном английском языке, а именно упрощениями.

Keywords: English, simplifications, word interconnection, use of simplifications, slang.

Ключевые слова: Английский язык, упрощения, взаимосвязь слов, использование упрощений, сленг.

Modern English is a new linguistic reality, which by now has clearly formed because of the process of globalization and the acquisition by English of the status of an international language (IEL), linguafranca modernity, "global English". National-territorial varieties of the English language have appeared and are already well studied, for example, "Russian English", "Chinese English", "West European English", "Korean English", etc., which are also not socially homogeneous and belong to different sociolinguistic zones.

Simplified English is a term introduced to denote one or another version of the English language for beginners, differing in an abbreviated vocabulary and simplified grammar.

Typically, "simplified English," means:

1. Basic English is an international artificial language based on the English language, created in 1925 by the British linguist Charles Ogden;
2. Simplified Technical English is an English language specification originally developed for operating manuals in the aerospace industry;
3. Special English - a version of the English language specially designed for the radio and television broadcasts of the Voice of America radio station.

The English language is constantly changing, as it has been throughout its history. It contains words from other languages such as German, French, and Greek. In addition, in each British colony, English developed in its own direction. Now English is spoken everywhere, and people who are not native speakers of the language, therefore, the language is simplified.

As for irregular verbs, they gradually disappear, and rightly so, because this is one of the difficulties in learning a language. Previously, the auxiliary verb shall was used for the first person verbs, now there is only will. Moreover, it is much easier. Remember how much there was a case in English, now there are only two left, one of them is possessive, and the second is a replacement for the rest. New words are built based on known words. The language is simplified.

Abbreviations are abbreviations for words or phrases that are familiar to native speakers and are widely used in speech. They exist in any language and form an important part of the lexical composition. When learning a foreign language, you cannot do without acquaintance with abbreviations. Ignorance or misuse of abbreviations can lead to misunderstandings or misunderstandings between the interlocutors.

In English, abbreviations are used especially often. This is clearly seen by Russian people studying English. Already at the first stages of acquaintance with the language, abbreviations appear for example, Mr and Mrs, e.g., a.m., abbreviations of the days of the week and months.

In addition, in the process of training, there are more and more of them. Many abbreviations existing in the Russian language came from English, and we already know their meanings IQ, FAQ, VIP, P.S., SOS. However, the rest of the unfamiliar abbreviations cannot be deciphered, you need to know them: ASAP, DOB, i.e., AD. There are no analogues of them in the Russian language - they are translated either in full words or in phrases.

English linguists distinguish several types of abbreviations:

Abbreviations are actually abbreviations or abbreviations of words. This does not include abbreviations of phrases. Common abbreviations are used primarily in writing. These include abbreviations such as Pres. for President.

Initialisms is an initial type in which a word is formed from the first letters of a phrase. Its distinctive feature is that the word is spelled, each letter is read separately: USA, NY, ATM, and CV.

Acronyms are acronyms. They also consist of initial letters or sounds, but unlike initial abbreviations, they are pronounced together, like an ordinary word. Examples of acronyms in English: NATO, NASA. Some acronyms have evolved into common words over time, for example, scuba and laser are derived from abbreviations.

Syllabic abbreviation - compound abbreviated words, syllabic abbreviations. In such abbreviations, the first syllables of words are used. In English, there are few syllabic abbreviations, they are not very widespread. Everybody has heard such words as Interpol and Covid. There are similar reductions in organizations and ministries, such as Oftel and Ofcom.

Contractions - contractions. This is a phenomenon in which the sounds of one word or word in a phrase are combined, and the vowels are merged into one sound. In the Russian language, there are no morphological contractions as a type of abbreviation. Our contractions are only phonetic in nature: when we speak quickly, we can skip syllables or merge vowels. Nevertheless, such words are not fixed in the vocabulary, do not become part of the morphology and are not used in writing. In English, contractions have become widespread and have become a type of contractions. Linguists refer to them as abbreviations. These are such abbreviated words as Dr, can’t, won’t, ain’t, I’m, ‘em, I’ve and the like.

The first and most famous radical project to simplify the English language already in the twentieth century was the project by S. K. Ogden “Basic English.” His ideas for reforming the English spelling did not find public support, but proposals for reduction were accepted. The most important "drawback" of the English language, which hinders its study by foreigners, SK Ogden considered the richest lexical fund of the AY, which in his project was reduced to 850 lexical units.

The advantages of the English language (a simple conjugation system, no declension of nouns, change of articles by pads, no grammatical gender, etc.), even in comparison with the closest "relative" German, were supported at the end of the 20th century the famous British linguist D. Crystal, who was one of the first to pay attention to the spread of English as a global language. Today, however, it is obvious that the most important factors of internationalization through the English language of world politics, economics, science, etc. became an unprecedented strengthening after the Second World War of the economic power of the United States, the political influence of this country and its all-pervading mass culture.

Let us consider the main lexical and grammatical conventions of the simplified international version of the English language. They can be learned from special textbooks, and some of them take into account the rules of simplicity and laconicism, formulated by J. Orwell.

Note that these simplifications are largely related to scientific communication, extending to the language of English-language articles in international journals, therefore, should be taken into account in the practice of teaching a foreign language (Academic English) to graduate students and graduate students. The readability of articles, clarity and clarity of presentation will ensure the possibility of translation from English into the user's native language (localization). One of the tasks of teaching written communication is formulated as Write for Translation, i.e. teach to write in accordance with the CBS standards: Clear, Brief, and Sincere - clearly, briefly, directly, remembering that the text in English can be subjected to machine translation.

Anyone who writes in English should avoid so-called fancy words, that is, such lexical units of the English language that are not new in it, but have acquired a new meaning (usually widely interpreted) and have become often used, even without precise understanding their semantics. In the last decades, such fashionable word usage has become: dichotomy, blueprint, ambivalent, charisma, astronomical, affixes mega-, -wise, -free, etc.; in scientific and technical language: impact, moiety, trigger, driver, transparent, etc. Let us consider the problem of their use in the text on the example of one of the fashionable and frequently used adjectives transparent.

The study of the problem of the style of international English, undertaken based on English-speaking sources, shows its relevance both for native speakers of the English language and for those who simply use English in various spheres of communication - business, scientific, industrial and professional, etc.

Equally, both genuine Anglophones, monolinguals, face difficult tasks of mastering these styles. The former must master the conventions of an unusual style for them, focused on the reduced use of their native language, with a limited repertoire of lexico-grammatical means.

For the second, the task of mastering a foreign language is facilitated and its understanding is provided in the areas of communication that are relevant to them. However, the problem goes beyond the framework of linguistics, since it affects many sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects, concerns national and international cognitive mechanisms, intellectual styles, cultural conventions. Consequently, it is interdisciplinary and requires further study, and international English constantly provides researchers with new facts. There is no doubt that the realities of international English should be applied in the practice of teaching a foreign language.

References:

1. Ogden C.R Basic English: a General Introduction with Rules and Grammar / London: Paul Trebor & Co., 1932. 480 p.
2. Schneider Ed.W. English Around the World. Cambridge University Press, 2011. 280 p.
3. Securities and Exchange Connision. Plain English Handbook. www.sec/gov/pdf/handbook.pdf
4. Weiss E.H. The Elements of International English Style: a guide to writing English correspond-ence, reports, technical documents, and Internet pages for a global audience. London -New York: M. E. Sharpe. 2005.
5. Wilber S. Steven Wilbers’ Webpage. URL: http://www.wilbers.com/