DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUNGER STUDENTS THROUGH PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING

РАЗВИТИЕ КРИТИЧЕСКОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ У МЛАДШИХ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ ЧЕРЕЗ ПРОБЛЕМНОЕ ОБУЧЕНИЕ

Вольвич Екатерина Игоревна

студент, Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет» (НИУ «БелГУ»),

РФ, г. Белгород

Богачев Роман Евгеньевич

научный руководитель, канд. фил. наук, доц., Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет» (НИУ «БелГУ»),

РФ, г. Белгород

ABSTRACT

The article examines the problem of developing critical thinking in younger schoolchildren in the context of problem-based learning. A theoretical analysis of the concept of "critical thinking" and its importance for the successful adaptation of students to a rapidly changing world is presented. Methodological techniques and strategies of problem-based learning aimed at developing the skills of analyzing, evaluating information and formulating reasoned judgments in primary school children are described. Examples of specific situations and tasks are presented, demonstrating the practical application of problem-based learning for the development of critical thinking. The conclusion is made about the positive impact of problem-based learning on the formation of an active, independent and conscious personality capable of making informed decisions.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В статье рассматривается проблема развития критического мышления у младших школьников в контексте реализации проблемного обучения. Представлен теоретический анализ понятия "критическое мышление" и его значимости для успешной адаптации учащихся к быстро меняющемуся миру. Описываются методические приемы и стратегии проблемного обучения, направленные на формирование навыков анализа, оценки информации и формулирования аргументированных суждений у детей младшего школьного возраста. Представлены примеры урочных ситуаций и заданий, демонстрирующих практическое применение проблемного обучения для развития критического мышления. Сделан вывод о позитивном влиянии проблемного обучения на формирование активной, самостоятельной и осознанной личности, способной к принятию взвешенных решений.

Keywords: critical thinking, elementary school students, problem-based learning, information analysis, information evaluation, reasoned judgments, elementary school, pedagogy.

Ключевые слова: критическое мышление, младшие школьники, проблемное обучение, анализ информации, оценка информации, аргументированные суждения, начальная школа, педагогика.

In the modern world, characterized by a rapid flow of information and constant changes, critical thinking is becoming one of the key skills necessary for successful adaptation and self-realization of a personality. It is at primary school age that the foundations of thinking are laid, and therefore it is important to begin developing critical thinking at this stage.

The traditional education system, focused on the transfer of ready-made knowledge, does not always contribute to the formation of students' ability to independently analyze information, evaluate alternatives and make informed decisions. In this regard, there is a need to use such pedagogical approaches that activate the cognitive activity of students and contribute to the development of their critical thinking. One of these approaches is problem-based learning.

Critical thinking is a complex cognitive process that includes the ability to analyze information, evaluate arguments, identify hidden assumptions, identify logical errors, and draw informed conclusions. Critical thinking helps students:

Problem–based learning is a pedagogical approach in which students do not receive knowledge ready-made, but actively participate in the process of discovering it, solving problematic situations. Problem-based learning is based on the creation of a learning situation in which a cognitive need arises that encourages students to search for new knowledge and ways of acting.

Examples of the use of problem-based learning in elementary school:

Mathematics: Instead of memorizing the rules of addition and subtraction, students are asked to solve a problem that requires using these operations in an unusual situation. For example, "You have 20 rubles. What can you buy in the store?"

The world around you: Instead of learning ready-made facts about animals, students are encouraged to explore how animals adapt to different environmental conditions. For example, "Why do polar bears live in the Arctic and giraffes in Africa?"

Russian: Instead of memorizing spelling rules, students are encouraged to find mistakes in the text and explain why these mistakes were made.

The development of critical thinking among younger schoolchildren is an important task of the modern education system. Problem-based learning is an effective tool for developing students' analysis, assessment, and problem-solving skills.

References:

1. Bordovskaya, N.V. Psychology and pedagogy: textbook / N. V. Bordovskaya, S. I. Rozum. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2018. 320 p.