NEOLOGISM IN KYRGYZ LANGUAGE

ABSTRACT

In this article will describe about Neologism in Kyrgyz language. What is a neologism and what are semantic neologisms, morphological neologisms, syntactic neologisms in the Kyrgyz language and their examples. Also, about borrowing Kyrgyz words from different languages.

Keywords: Neologism, Kyrgyz language, new words, semantic, morphology, syntax, affixes.

Neologism (from Greek νέος - means new and λόγος - means speech, word) – is a word, word meaning or word combination that has lately entered the language (newly produced, absent before). This term is used in language history to describe the expansion of vocabulary during specific historical eras and different areas. For example, we can discuss neologisms related to specific cultural people, neologisms of the Patriotic War era, neologisms related to technology, and neologisms of the twenty-first century. [1]

There are several main neologisms in the grammatical parts of the Kyrgyz language, such as - syntactic, morphological, and semantic neologisms.

Morphological neologisms

One of the most common methods of word generation is the morphological technique. This strategy in language creates an opportunity to express newly developed objects and thoughts while also ensuring the continuous uninterrupted operation of language as the main means of communication between individuals. Neologisms are created in modern Kyrgyz literary language with the use of the following productive affixes: -чы -chy, -лык -lyk, -кана -kana, -ма -ma.

1. New words were created with the help of affix -chy to describe people's positions, professions, and activities. For example: Демөөрчү - investor, ижарачы -арендатор, бажыканачы - customs officer, бедизчи - sculptor, буйрутмачы - customer, үнөмчү - economist, мөмөрчү - architector.
2. Words with the affix -lyk were formed abstract nouns. For example: Мыйзамсыздык - lawlessness, стабилдүүлүк - stability, демөөрчүлүк – sponsorship.
3. With the addition of the affix -kana have appeared new terms in the Kyrgyz language that are associated with the emergence of new institutions and public spaces. For example: Эмкана - clinic, сүрөткана - photoshop, мураскана - museum.
4. Words with the affix -ma formed nouns from verb bases. For example: Чийме - project, өткөрмө - skip, баяндама - report, кайнатма - jam.[2]

Semantic neologisms

Semantic method of word formation in which a new word is formed as a result of an existing lexeme in the language that have completely changed their meaning. For example: The word агент (agent) has two meaning. First is original which means a member of the intelligence service. And the second is new a popular free application for chat online with friends.

There are semantic neologisms that have arisen based on similar connection.

1. Words with new meanings due to the resemblance of external material and object conceptions. For example: The word cапар (visit): the original meaning - visitation; a new meaning - business trip.
2. Words that have new meanings by similarity processes of action. For example: Сыноо (examine): the original meaning - observe, test, try; a new meaning - criticize, examine.
3. Words that possess new meanings by similarity positions, professions of persons. For example: Жургунчу (passenger): the original meaning - trader; a new meaning -passenger. [3]

Syntactic neologisms

The structure of pre-existing categories of compound words is used to create the majority of new compound words.

There are two kinds of new compound words made up of two nouns.

1. Сompound words related by two nouns: кароо-сынак - competition, кичи район -microdistrict, ата мекен - homeland.
2. Compound words of nouns with the third person affix -ы (-y), -сы (-sy): аба
3. азасы - airbase, өкмөт үйү - white house, кесип сынагы - certification. [4]

Borrowings in the Kyrgyz language

Today we use words that have been borrowed from other languages of the world. We've borrowed some words from Russian language, English, Turkish, Arabic, Kazak, Chicness and another language.

For example: from English language - boycott, budget, computer, gramophone.

From Russian language – subscriber, butte, chair, fist, cheese, lawyer.

From Arabic language – military, honey, world, finance, animal, government. [5]

This article shows what neologisms there are in the Kyrgyz language, what bases they are divided into, what neologisms there are in structure. And about which languages some words in the Kyrgyz language were borrowed from. Neologisms are a part of all languages in the world, because every day a combination of new words appears in some language and is used.

References:

1. Neologisms. What is neologism? https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/18692#cite_note-1
2. Anapiyeva, A. A. (2016). Morphological neologisms in the Kyrgyz language. In the World of Science and Art: Issues of Philology, Art History and Cultural Studies, (7 (62)), 75-80.
3. Anapiyeva A. A. Semantic neologisms in the Kyrgyz language //Innovations in Science. - 2016. - №. 7 (56). - P. 139-144.
4. Anapiyeva, A. A. (2017). Syntactic neologisms in the Kyrgyz language. Innovations in Science, (6 (67)), 85-86.
5. Category:Borrowings in the Kyrgyz language https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5