ENGLISH MILITARY TERMINOLOGY

ВОЕННАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Байтен Жантемир Ержанович

магистрант, кафедра «Иностранная филология», Торайгыров университет,

Казахстан, г. Павлодар

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to study the peculiarities of English military terminology in the professional environment. The research is aimed at identifying the specifics of lexical units used in the military sphere and their translation. The importance of knowledge of English-language military vocabulary for the professional training of military personnel and translators is emphasized. A deep understanding of this terminology is necessary for high-quality cross-linguistic interaction in the military sphere, as well as for improving the effectiveness of command and operational cooperation in international operations.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Целью данной статьи явилось изучение особенностей английской военной терминологии, профессиональной среде. Исследование направлено на выявление специфики лексических единиц, используемых в военной сфере, и их перевода. Подчёркнута важность знания англоязычной военной лексики для профессиональной подготовки военнослужащих и переводчиков. Глубокое понимание этой терминологии необходимо для качественного межъязыкового взаимодействия в военной сфере, а также для повышения эффективности командного и оперативного взаимодействия в рамках международных операций.

Keywords:  military term, translator, lexical units.

Ключевые слова: военный термин, переводчик, лексические единицы.

At the heart of any translation, as a creative process, is interpretation, i.e. explanation, disclosure of the meaning of something. How fully and accurately the original message is perceived, how the system of meanings encoded in it is deciphered, depends on the personality of the translator, his individuality, mental state, his cognitive experience, as well as on his ethical attitude, i.e. understanding of his translation mission. But interpretation is not limited only to understanding the original speech work, it is also an interpretation of the system of meanings embedded in it. The result of the analysis of the main stages of the translation process as a whole is the conclusion that translation (interpretation of the original) is a complex psycholinguistic process. And, thus, the text of the original (the external structure of the speech utterance in one language) is embodied in the text of the translation (the external structure that actualizes the new meaning of the message in new meanings) [1, 65].

In a communicative act with translation, everything is much more complicated than in ordinary communication in one language. Translation always presupposes the simultaneous actualization of both languages, so it can be defined as dynamic bilingualism, in which not only two languages but also two cultures come into contact, and the translator is accordingly a native speaker of not only two languages but also two cultures. Errors occur when the translator strives to convey individual elements of the text as accurately as possible, which are correlated with individual fragments of reality. The reason for these errors is that the units, or elements, of the primary object and the relationships between them do not coincide with the units and relationships between them in the modeled object.

The basic principles, methods, techniques and methods of translation in general and special translation in particular are also characteristic of military translation. However, due to a different communicative and functional focus, this type of translation has specific features associated with the style, vocabulary and grammar of the language of English military materials.

English military vocabulary is usually divided into two main groups:

- military terminology, denoting concepts that are directly related to military affairs, armed forces, methods of conducting armed combat, etc.;

- military-technical terminology, which includes scientific and technical terms; and slang, represented by words and combinations that are often used mainly in the oral speech of English military personnel and are actually stylistic synonyms of the corresponding military terms. The correct translation of military materials depends to a large extent on the correct translation of terms, since most of the military vocabulary is occupied by military and military-technical terms that carry the maximum semantic load. In the process of translation, it is constantly necessary to resort to grammatical and lexical substitutions, which is the main feature of the translation of military texts. Grammatical substitutions are caused by the difference in the structures of the two languages - the original language and the translation language. There are also discrepancies in their lexical systems, because, according to Sapir's figurative expression, each language has its own "peculiar cut". This uniqueness of the lexical-semantic aspect of each language is primarily manifested in the type of semantic structure of words. But despite the allocation of different features, both languages equally adequately reflect the same phenomenon of reality. Here we can quote the words of G. V. Kolshansky: "The notorious comparison of the designations of the colors of the spectrum in different languages most of all testifies not to the subjectivity of the 'partition of reality', but to the adequate reflection in the lexical system of the objectively existing spectrum." [2, p.124]

Another reason for finding lexical correspondences is the difference in the semantic volume of the word. In each language, the word lives its own life, closely connected with the uniqueness of the lexical-semantic system of a given language. It can have different types of lexical meanings (lexical-semantic variants), it can expand or narrow its meaning, make it more concrete or abstract.

The third reason for the need for lexical substitutions is the difference in compatibility. Words are in connections specific to a given language. It is important to note that the compatibility of words takes place in the case of compatibility of the concepts they denote.

Let us now consider in more detail each of the four reasons listed above, the features of lexical substitutions specifically in military texts.

As has already been said, in the meaning of a word in different languages, different features of the same phenomenon or concept are often distinguished, which inevitably creates difficulties in translation. For example:

to lift fire - переносить огонь в глубину,

to shift fire - переносить огонь по фронту,

to hold a position - удерживать позицию,

to hold the enemy in position - сковывать противника [3, p. 96].

These examples show the non-equivalence of some lexical units in military texts

Coded stable combinations that arose as a result of the implementation of covert control of troops. For example:

no joy цель не обнаружена,

my feet are dry лечу над сушей,

mayday сигнал о помощи,

Military aphorisms, proverbs and sayings. For example:

be quick on the draw мгновенно реагировать,

good beginning is half a battle хорошее начало - половина победы,

the war depends on which we choose все зависит от правильно выбранного решения

Differences in the semantic structure of a word are one of the main reasons causing lexical transformations. These differences are associated with the characteristic features of individual words or groups of words.

When analyzing a military text and considering lexical and grammatical transformations, we should not forget that in order to fully analyze the text of the translation, we must also consider its style, in order to further identify the most effective translation method.

It should be noted in the conclusion that, when translating military texts, lexical-semantic replacement of constituent units is observed in accordance with the lexical fund and norms of the translated language.

References:

1. Komissarov V.N. Linguistics of translation - M.: International Relations - 1980 - 167 p.
2. Breus E.V. Fundamentals of the Theory and Practice of Translation from Russian into English: Study Guide. 2nd ed., corrected and supplemented. - M.: URAO Publishing House, 2000. - 208 p.
3. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. How to become a translator? / Editor-in-chief M.Ya.Blokh. - M.: "Gotika", 1999. - 176 p.
4. Fedorov A.V. Fundamentals of the General Theory of Translation (linguistic problems): For institutes and faculties of foreign languages. Study guide - M.: Higher School. 1983. - 303 p.