FORMULAS FOR ACHIEVING BEAUTY IN ARCHITECTURE, BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE MASTERS STATEMENTS OF THE 19-20TH CENTURIES

Introduction

What makes the first impression when getting introduction to an architectural object? The answer is obvious - this is an appearance of what we perceive visually. It is an appearance that engages the mechanisms of thinking and forms the reaction of a person, causing him various emotions. Each inhabitant of the earth most of the time interacts with the external or internal view of an architectural object. Thanks to this, his emotional state is formed, which affects all spheres of life. Therefore, the appearance in architecture is very important. Unfortunately, architects increasingly began to forget about it. Economic feasibility and other utilitarian functions of architecture came to the fore.

Not many can explain what exactly they see beautiful in a perceived object visually. Unfortunately, even architects. For a person associated with art and creativity, this is of great importance. The internal state of the creator’s clients, and therefore his financial situation, depends on knowledge of the principles or methods of achieving beauty.

This article will present the interim results of a research on the topic - formulas for achieving beauty in architecture. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to turn to world-class architecture masters, to those who, thanks to their long, dedicated work and rich experience, have achieved recognition in our world and have practically touched beauty.

Methods

More than 40 architects of the 19-20th century were studied and analyzed written statements recorded. The purpose was to find statements about beauty and synonymous terms. In the future, of them, by decomposing into simple mental constructions, the basic concepts that create beauty in the object are revealed. They were checked for repeatability among architects who spoke. Those concepts those are more common have greater reliability and impact on a person, and those that are less need to be further studied and verified in more detail, since they can be of great value in the work of an architect.

From reliable concepts, you can further create a structure for evaluating architectural objects and talk about beauty based on the understanding of world masters of architecture.

At the beginning of the study, the hypothesis of the birth of beauty was put forward - beauty in the object is created by the elements of which it consists and their relationships. This mental model allows us to objectively explain the aesthetic qualities of everything material that surrounds us, what we perceive visually and also to exclude the subjective region as much as possible.

Beauty formulas have a hypothesis structure combined with reliable concepts. Since some statements of architects consist of several concepts, they were analyzed in such a way that each formula was formulated with one concept and each concept was considered for repeatability. It will exclude possible errors in the study.

Results of the study

As a result of the study, these formulas were created. They are arranged in descending order. The formulas are higher in the list, in which concepts are more often found in the statements of architects.

1. Beauty in the object is created by the structure of the elements.

Structure (from the Latin "Structure" - location, order, connection) is a set of stable connections of the object, ensuring its integrity and identity to itself.

The structure introduces harmony in the construction of elements in the object, completeness and poise, which leads to the beginning of the formation of beauty in the object.        Due to the structure, aesthetic excitement can be caused by affecting the senses with visually perceived forms and distances separating them. Proportions or a certain ratio of elements among themselves are a tool for achieving beauty. Mind will be satisfied only if accurate and rigorous calculation of distances, sizes, heights, volumes, in order to create an impression of unity. Various things can become a single whole precisely because a certain relationship is established between the components, in which they are subject to mutual influence, being synthesized due to the ideal essence of things.

Beauty can be created not only by elements, but also by objects, if they are considered as part of another object, higher in hierarchy. The harmony of objects can neutralize the dissonance in the elements and become part of the organic whole. Therefore, it does not matter what time the buildings and the environment. Any style of any time can achieve unity.

It is reasonable to take human proportions as a guideline and create a structure of an architectural object that interacts with human indicators: growth, volumes, the greatest distances, point of view and perception of architecture.

It is important to note that the structure exists not only perceived visually, but also perceived by the mind - a mental or semantic structure. For example, it is necessary that the elements express their own essence, the purpose of their existence, which will be interconnected with the essence or purpose of the whole object - in order to express the unity of purpose and appearance of the object. This is a structure of expediency, which is also capable of evoking feelings of joy and pleasure only with the help of the mind.

There are situations when beautiful objects are incomprehensible to people. This is due to a lack of understanding of the structure of the object, its compositional methods of organizing elements and their causality.

It is necessary to aspire to expression by structure of object integrity through unity of elements.

2. Beauty in the object is created by the correspondence of the elements of its function.

Each element in the object should fulfill its purpose as much as possible. The configuration of an element and its connection with other elements should maximize their task and function. The better the elements meet their purpose, the better they meet our aesthetic requirements.

It is necessary that the elements express the acting forces in the object. Thus, the elements express the essence of the object, which is the distinctive quality of the object, as nature reveals the difference between moss and reed.

The functions of an object or element can be typed. Important and progressive functions at a certain time stage reflect the most important and have the ability to embody beauty in their manifestation. It subsequently leads to the possibility of the function to be in accordance with the ideal of beauty inherent in this era.

3. Beauty in the object is created by structural elements.

In the constructions laid the beginning of the beautiful. When the intense expressiveness of constructive forms outgrows their practical necessity, then they will acquire aesthetic qualities.

Any construction carries the functionality and proportion of its shape - in absolute harmony they create beauty. Constructive unity and clarity for a person also leads to this.

Therefore, the design in an architectural object is a legitimate and beautiful architectural decoration. The one who hides it - makes a mistake, the one who creates the fake constructive decoration - creates a crime in relation to beauty and architecture.

The structural form, bare in its integrity, satisfies our aesthetic perception.

There is the possibility of constructive solutions, their technical perfection, to bring our feelings to the level of aesthetic admiration.

This thesis corresponds to thesis 2, illustrates how the shape of the structure corresponds to its purpose to bear its load, as in other cases an architectural object cannot exist holistically.

4. Beauty in the object is created by elements that express truth.

Each element in the object is conditioned by its purpose, corresponds to reality, expresses its essence is not a substitute for anything and is not used for deception.

In architecture, many requirements have been merged together: functional, constructive, and economic. Therefore, to achieve a high aesthetic result, truthfulness is necessary.

Beauty is an integral part of truthfulness. Approaching the truth, we automatically approach beauty.

5. Beauty in the object is created by elements expressing expediency.

Expediency - the element corresponds to the purpose for which it is intended. Each element solves a specific problem in the object.

Any element must have a purpose of its existence; useless elements in architecture cannot be considered beautiful.

When creating an architectural object, it is necessary to adhere to thoughts about the benefits and expediency. Any other thought is dangerous and will lead to decline, as thoughts will be secondary and nourishing themselves, while remaining reckless and unfinished. You can rely on this rule for a long time and enjoy modern beauty where it really is. An object or element is beautiful if it is what it should be. And if a person sees an object for the first time and tries to understand utility immediately, then he will understand this without hesitation. Architectonic beauty is the complete correspondence of the means of the purpose.

You can aesthetically interpret architecture, relying on the premise - lasting value stems from a complex set and the interaction of various factors that determine the internal and external content of utility. In other words, an object is create from a large number of different environmental and external conditions, as well as purpose and objectives, so that it acquires its own internal nature, acquires the essence and completeness. The more precisely and thoroughly this expediency of the object is expressed, the more pleasure it will cause and the more beautiful it will seem to us.

6. Beauty in the object is created by elements that are clear and understandable for a person.

We value and love what is familiar to us. The forms are unusual for us; they don’t tell us anything and are not able to awaken aesthetic feelings. Therefore, we may not understand the architecture of countries unfamiliar to us or other eras. It will be alien to us not because its formal elements are unusual to our eye, but because their compositional methods are not unraveled, which often seem to us random and unjustified. A different approach to these objects is needed; it will open a chain of laws explaining the occurrence of elements. And an architect needs to create objects in which the causality of each element is immediately read so that the appearance is clear and unambiguous. It is clarity that makes us consider such objects beautiful.

7. Beauty in the object is created by elements interconnected with the environment of the object.

An architectural object needs to be interconnected with the surrounding objects: place, nature, existing buildings, natural conditions, etc. The building can grow out of the environment, and at the same time be itself, live its own life and have its own essence.

When the changing and permanent conditions are duly fulfilled, the building, thus subordinated to both man and nature, acquires character, style, harmony. Character, style, harmony are mark milestones the path to truth, and therefore to beauty.

Significant and expressive contractures require an appropriate architectural background for their full visual impact. Therefore, it is necessary that the architectural object was associated with the environment and was part of it.

8. Beauty in the object is created by simple elements.

Organic simplicity has the potential for true interconnection; beauty corresponds to the expression of this interconnection.

Aesthetic simplicity brings the mind a sense of satisfaction, arises from internal complexity, if it is justified and wise. Each element must solve the problems encountered in front of the object. There are a huge number of problems in the architectural object, and various contradictions arise when solving them. Also, problems are often interrelated. The solution to these problems is usually simple, but it encloses the enormous beauty of thought that a person visually reads. So complexity turns into beautiful simplicity.

9. Beauty in the object is created by elements corresponding to the needs of the object.

Each element in the object must be justified, and necessary for the existence of the object and for its functioning.

Elements correspond to the needs (task, purpose) of the object. If we draw an analogy, then a leaf of a tree corresponds to the needs of the tree in obtaining nutrients. But at the same time, it creates the beauty of the plant. A leaf is a necessary part of the tree; the element is a necessary part of the object.

Each element embedded in the structure of the object, rooted in deep reality, is spiritualized, since this reality is nothing more than materialization, a symbol of a potential idea. Matter is spiritualized as a person subordinates it to the organizing principle.

An object that evokes aesthetic emotions reveals to us the internal economy of its structural relationships makes us feel their causation and imprints perfect harmony in our soul.

Conclusion

Thus, we came closer to solving the problem of identifying and determining what gives rise to beauty in architectural objects. Beauty formulas were created by analyzing the statements of world-class architecture masters. In the future, it can be used to assess the aesthetic qualities of architectural objects, as well as to design new buildings and constructions, which will help all representatives of creative professions to create beautiful, harmonious and holistic objects.

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