SCIENTIFIC TERMS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN KAZAKHSTAN

Biotechnology is the integration of natural and engineering Sciences, allowing the possibilities of living organisms or their derivatives for the creation and modification of products or processes for various purposes.

Karl Ereky, a Hungarian engineer, coined the term «biotechnology» in 1917. At that time, the term meant all lines of work by which products are produced from raw materials with the aid of living organisms.

Until recently, the term "biotechnology" was used as a synonym for the more common expressions "industrial (or technical) Microbiology". In the last 30 years, the concept of "biotechnology" has included new branches of life Sciences such us: genetic engineering and therapy, methods of using cell cultures, cloning of living organisms and other achievements of molecular and cell biology.

Today the biotechnology has become one of the areas of an industry of macroeconomic importance. Developed countries attach great importance to its development, and therefore national and international biotechnology programs are funded by public and private capital.

Scheme 1. Spheres of using biotechnology

From the scheme-1, we can see that biotechnology methods are used:

- In the pharmaceutical industry (diagnostics, medicines, medical materials, methods of treatment);

- Protection of the environment (diagnostics, purification of soils, purification of water, disposal of oil, household and industrial waste, protection of forests);

- In the mining and processing industry (bio metallurgy, oil production);

- In the food industry (packaging materials, food additives, beverages, dairy products, product quality control);

- In agriculture (transgenic plants and animals, fertilizers, growth promoters and plant protection agents, probiotics).

The term biotechnology was first used in Kazakhstan’s Mass Media in 1995. More common terms like “cloning”, “genetic engineering” and “mutation” were widely used in different biotechnological spheres.

Table 1.

Common terms in biotechnology

From the table above, we can see that 7 terms out of 10 translated directly from the English language to the Kazakh language. It means that big part of scientific terms (thermostat, mutation, cloning) are came to our lexis without any changes. In addition, the less part of terms (strain, breeding, nutrient medium) translated by the saving meaning but with another words.

Today Kazakh scientists have achieved considerable success in the field of biotechnology. Biological engineering of plants is actively developing in Kazakhstan.

Highly productive forms of crops were obtained, which can resist stressing factors and diseases based on biotechnology methods. There have been developed and effective methods of immunological, molecular genetic diagnosis and prevention of particularly dangerous animal diseases.

We have many scientists in biotechnology sphere in Kazakhstan. One of them is Bauyrzhan Aituov, who is promotes dental innovation worldwide. During last three years, Bauyrzhan Aituov is developing a technology for restoration of tooth enamel. It helps to treat caries at an early stage.

Majority of us have heard about the good domestic antibiotic "Roseofungin", on which our scientists worked for a long time at the Institute of Microbiology and Virology, led by academician Amankeldi Sadanov. "Roseofungin"inhibits the growth of pathogens of superficial and deep mycoses. The drug "Roseofungin" treats skin fungal infections.

Biotechnology is defined as one of the priorities of industrial development of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan pays great attention to the industrial biotechnology from XX century. Specialized institutions, which were part of the military-industrial complex created. In the early 90-ies, Kazakhstan came up with a solid baggage - in the form of developed infrastructure, highly qualified personnel and modern production base.

The National center of Biotechnology (NCB) of the Republic of Kazakhstan was established in 1993 by the decree of the Nursultan Nazarbayev. NCB is the leading biological research center of the country.

The National center of Biotechnology implements the state policy of support and development of the biotechnology industry, performs and coordinates state-funded scientific and technical programs in the field of biotechnology, biological safety and ecology.

The government of Kazakhstan allocated four directions of development of biotechnology - medical, agricultural, industrial and environmental. Five hundred million tenge was used for the implementation of national scientific and technical programs on biotechnology in 2006. Domestic scientists are going to invent 10 research programs during the next 3 years. The government is planning to build a national center of biotechnology in Astana, for which 600 million tenge will be provided from the budget of our country. The center should unite the efforts of the main research institutes of the Republic in this area, which will form a biotechnology cluster in Astana.

The scientists say that the fourth industrial revolution, which is mentioned in the annual Address of the President to the people of Kazakhstan, is impossible without the development of biotechnology. Therefore, the specialists of the Center intend to continue to create innovative solutions to make life easier for people. Another important task is turning this industry into a highly profitable business.

Kazakhstan's biotechnologists have sufficient potential to become a significant sector of the economy in the future.

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