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Статья опубликована в рамках: Научного журнала «Студенческий» № 15(227)

Рубрика журнала: Технические науки

Секция: Архитектура, Строительство

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Библиографическое описание:
Dangyan G., Avdeenko Y., Yudina I.I. CONTEMPORARY STANDARDS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ENGINEERING NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS // Студенческий: электрон. научн. журн. 2023. № 15(227). URL: https://sibac.info/journal/student/227/285984 (дата обращения: 29.03.2024).

CONTEMPORARY STANDARDS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ENGINEERING NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS

Dangyan Garnik

student, National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering,

Russia, Moscow

Avdeenko Yegor

student, National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering,

Russia, Moscow

Yudina Irina Ivanovna

lecturer, National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering,

Russia, Moscow

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТРЕБОВАНИЯ К СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВУ И ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЮ ИНЖЕНЕРНЫХ СЕТЕЙ И КОММУНИКАЦИЙ

 

Дангян Гарник Зограбович

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Авдеенко Егор Николаевич

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Юдина Ирина Ивановна

преподаватель, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

 

АННОТАЦИЯ

Данная статья затрагивает вопрос современных требований к проектированию и строительству инженерных сетей и коммуникаций. Целью исследования было определить основные проблемы, имеющие отношение к проектированию и строительству инженерных сетей и коммуникаций, выявить основные требования к процессу проектирования и строительства инженерных сетей и коммуникаций, изучить этапы процесса проектирования и строительства инженерных сетей и коммуникаций, а также определить основные экономические требования к строительству инженерных сетей и коммуникаций.

ABSTRACT

This article addresses the issue of modern requirements for the design and construction of engineering networks and communications. The purpose of the study was to identify the main problems related to the design and construction of engineering networks and communications, to identify the main requirements for the design and construction of engineering networks and communications, to study the stages of the design and construction of engineering networks and communications, as well as to determine the main economic requirements for the construction of engineering networks and communications.

 

Ключевые слова: проектирование, строительство, инженерные сети, коммуникации, современные требования, экономические требования.

Keywords: design, construction, engineering networks, services, modern requirements, economic requirements

 

Engineering networks and communications are used in all areas of society. They are divided into above-ground and underground networks. They are used for illuminating roads, highways, and city thoroughfares. They are also used in areas of active human movement, such as pedestrian or bicycle paths.

Through a gas pipeline, natural gas is delivered to apartments so that people can cook. Hundreds of liters of fresh hot and cold water for various needs, including heating apartments, are transmitted from the boiler room to the apartments through water pipes. Communication lines help people transmit information from point A to point B over any distance.

Underground engineering networks are laid under highways, streets, cities, and at a certain depth. In turn, they are divided into such groups as urban, main, distributing, micro district internal, as well as servicing micro district engineering networks.

In the process of designing any engineering networks, it is very important to take into account the cross-section of the building or structure. The cross-section is a vertical section of the structure perpendicular to its main axis. Heat pipes, gas pipelines, water pipes, high-voltage cables, as well as communication lines, or, as they are also called, low-voltage lines are laid deep underground.

Let us list the main problems associated with the construction of engineering networks:

  1. Possible errors in documentation, as the first and most obvious problem in designing engineering networks. Before starting construction, it is necessary to know what systems already exist on the site and whether it is possible to connect the future building to them. All the necessary documentation for this is already available to the engineer, but it may contain errors. And these errors can cost the construction company significant financial losses. Therefore, it is always necessary to verify the relevance of the provided documentation.
  2. The intensity of destructive geological processes that affect the engineering and construction quality and characteristics of urban lands, which largely depends on the structure of the soil. Even small changes in the stability of the geological environment lead to too early and untimely deformation of structures and also increase the speed of wear and tear and destruction of communications, which leads to unforeseen financial losses from the city. As a result, it is necessary to qualitatively assess the quality of soils and their particle size distribution and bearing capacity. In the field of water supply and sewage technologies, changes have occurred in the area of materials used to make pipes. People have moved from less durable and more expensive metal pipes to cheaper and more efficient materials such as polyvinyl chloride plastic. Pipes made from such material are easier to install, more resistant to changes in soil and climate, not susceptible to corrosion, hardly deteriorate water quality, and have lower heat loss.

There have been changes in the field of water supply and sewerage in the area of materials used for pipes. People have transitioned from less durable and more expensive metal pipes to cheaper and more efficient materials such as polyvinyl chloride plastic. Pipes made of this material are easier to install, more resistant to ground and climate changes, not prone to corrosion, have minimal impact on water quality, and have lower heat loss.

Special requirements are placed on the design of engineering networks in modern times, as it is an important stage in the construction and operation of various buildings and structures. Modern requirements for the design of engineering networks and communications are aimed at ensuring efficient operation of buildings with minimal costs for their operation and maintenance.

Let us list the main requirements for engineering network and communication design that must be taken into account nowadays:

  1. Economic efficiency: The design of engineering networks and communications should provide minimum costs at all stages of the system's use, such as the construction and operation of engineering networks and communications, as well as ensure maximum efficiency of their operation.
  2. Reliability: Engineering networks and communications must be reliable and durable, ensuring the safety of the facility's operation. When designing, possible risks must be taken into account and precautions must be taken to minimize the likelihood of accidents and other breakdowns.
  3. Flexibility: Modern requirements for engineering network and communication design imply their flexibility and the ability to easily change the structure to increase loads, reduce costs, and optimize processes if necessary.
  4. Environmental friendliness: Design should take into account the impact of the facility on the environment, as well as provide for the use of environmentally friendly technologies and materials.
  5. Ease of operation: Engineering networks and communications should be easy to operate, as well as provide easy access for maintenance and repair.
  6. Compatibility: Engineering network and communication design should take into account its joint use for different systems, as well as the possibility of their integration with other objects and systems.

Overall, it can be said that modern requirements for engineering network and communication design are aimed at creating reliable, efficient, flexible, environmentally friendly, and safe systems.

Thorough engineering design of utility systems is a critical factor in achieving high efficiency and reliability of such systems. Utility systems comprise a multitude of components such as pipelines, pumps, valves, compressors, electrical wiring, control systems, and other devices that work together to provide specific services or manufacture products.

The quality of the design directly impacts the efficiency of the utility system. For example, an improperly designed pipeline can result in water leaks, reduced productivity, and increased energy costs. Negligent design of an electrical system can lead to overload, energy losses, short circuits, and even fire.

The reliability of a system depends on the quality of its design. Thorough design can help identify potential problems and address them before they cause system or equipment failure. It also depends on how well its components work together. If each component has been designed and installed correctly, the system as a whole will be more reliable and resilient.

Moreover, careful design can help optimize utility systems, improving their efficiency and cost-effectiveness. For instance, proper design of a control system can reduce energy consumption, improve productivity, and reduce operational costs.

Designing engineering networks is a complex process that includes several stages, such as:

  1. Site survey and technical task development: at this stage, geographical, geological, geodetic, and other characteristics of the site where engineering works are planned are determined. At this stage, requirements for the future engineering network, its functionality, capacity, and other parameters are also identified.
  2. Designing engineering networks: at this stage, engineers develop a project of the engineering network, including its components, technologies, and methods, as well as determine the scope of work and necessary equipment.
  3. Development of design documentation: at this stage, design documentation is developed, which contains a detailed description of all components of the engineering network, its diagrams and drawings, as well as requirements for equipment and materials.
  4. Obtaining necessary permits and approvals: to carry out engineering works, it is necessary to obtain permits and approvals from various authorities and institutions. At this stage, engineers prepare the necessary documentation and apply for permits and approvals.
  5. Preparation of the construction site and carrying out works: after obtaining all necessary permits and approvals, the construction site is prepared, and engineering works are carried out to lay the networks.
  6. Acceptance and commissioning: after the completion of engineering works, acceptance and commissioning of the engineering network are carried out. At this stage, compliance of the performed works with the requirements of the design documentation is checked, and the system is tested for efficiency and safety.

Construction of engineering networks is a responsible process that requires compliance with a number of requirements and regulations. Among the main requirements for the construction of engineering networks and communications, the following can be highlighted:

  1. Compliance with project documentation. The construction of engineering networks should be carried out in accordance with project documentation developed by experienced engineers.
  2. Quality of materials and equipment. High-quality materials and equipment that comply with standards and requirements should be used for the construction of engineering networks.
  3. Compliance with technological requirements. When constructing engineering networks, technological requirements must be followed, including the sequence of work and the necessary checks at each stage.
  4. Safety. The construction of engineering networks must be carried out in compliance with safety requirements, including fire protection, electrical safety, etc.
  5. Compliance with regulatory requirements: The construction of engineering networks must comply with regulatory requirements established by state and municipal authorities.
  6. Economic feasibility: The construction of engineering networks must be economically feasible, that is, it must ensure efficient use of resources and achieve set goals with minimal costs.

In general, the construction of engineering networks requires a careful approach to each stage of the process, compliance with all requirements and regulations, as well as the use of modern technologies and equipment. The main stages of construction of engineering networks and communications include the following:

  1. Preparation stage: at this stage, engineering and geodetic survey of the territory where the construction is planned is carried out, the project is developed and coordinated with state and municipal authorities.
  2. Earthworks: at this stage, excavation of pits, trenches, surface leveling and backfilling of soil are carried out. The foundation for the further installation of engineering networks is also laid.
  3. Installation of networks: at this stage, installation of pipelines, cables, and other elements of engineering networks is carried out. It is necessary to comply with technological requirements and safety standards.
  4. Equipment installation: at this stage, installation of pumping stations, air ducts, transformer substations, and other equipment necessary for the operation of engineering networks is carried out.
  5. Testing and commissioning: at this stage, testing of engineering networks and communications is carried out to determine their operability and compliance with standards.
  6. Commissioning: after successful testing and commissioning, engineering networks and communications are put into operation.

All work must be carried out under the supervision of specialists with the appropriate qualifications, as well as in compliance with all safety requirements and regulations.

Construction of engineering networks today is subject to a number of environmental requirements aimed at minimizing the negative impact on the environment and reducing environmental risks. Some of the main environmental requirements for the construction of engineering networks include:

  1. Compliance with the norms and rules established by legislation in the field of environmental protection and nature management. In addition, international standards and recommendations on environmental protection must be observed.
  2. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) - a process that allows assessing the possible impact of construction on the environment and developing measures to minimize negative consequences.
  3. Compliance with environmental requirements during design and construction. This includes the use of environmentally friendly materials, sustainable technologies, reducing emissions of harmful substances, and so on.
  4. Ensuring the safety of workers and the population. During construction, measures must be taken to protect workers from harmful effects and to minimize risks to the population near construction sites.
  5. Monitoring the impact on the environment. It is necessary to observe and analyze the impact of construction on the environment in order to timely detect and eliminate possible negative consequences.

Overall, the construction of engineering networks should be oriented towards compliance with environmental requirements and the minimization of negative impact on the environment.

Mitigating the negative impact on the environment during the construction and operation of engineering networks is an important task that requires compliance with a number of requirements and measures, namely:

  1. Use of environmentally friendly materials and technologies. When constructing and operating engineering networks, it is necessary to use environmentally friendly materials and technologies that will cause little harm to the environment. For example, materials that are easily recyclable and do not contain hazardous substances can be used.
  2. Responsible storage and disposal of waste. During the construction and operation of engineering networks, waste is accumulated, which must be stored and disposed of in accordance with environmental safety requirements. For example, hazardous waste must be disposed of in special places rather than being dumped in landfills.
  3. Minimization of emissions of harmful substances. During the operation of engineering networks, it is necessary to minimize emissions of harmful substances that can negatively affect the environment and human health. For example, filters and air and water purification systems can be used.
  4. Conservation of natural resources. During the construction and operation of engineering networks, it is necessary to consider the conservation of natural resources, such as water resources, soils, forests, etc. It is necessary to prevent pollution and destruction of these resources and ensure their preservation.
  5. Monitoring and control of the impact on the environment. Regular monitoring and control of the impact on the environment are necessary to detect and eliminate possible negative consequences in a timely manner.

Technological development in various spheres of society is not standing still. It has also affected engineering networks. Less than a century ago, communication was transmitted worldwide via copper wire, which was covered with an insulating layer of non-conductive polymers. This technology had a maximum data transfer rate of 100 Mbps. Of course, it is still used because it is easier and cheaper to install and repair in case of a break or other breakdown. However, a more modern analogue is a cable consisting of optical fibers. Its production costs several times more due to the enormous complexity of the equipment used to produce it, not to mention the fact that repairing it requires equally complex technical equipment. But the speed of communication justifies such costs. Glass fiber is capable of transmitting information at a speed of up to one petabyte per second, which is almost ten million times faster than the old copper cable. Thus, the development of communication lines leads to a higher speed of access to information.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the design of engineering networks is also not standing still and is improving every day to meet increasingly high standards of the times.

 

References:

  1. Limitations of laying engineering networks and communications [Electronic resource] – Access mode. -URL-
  2. Negative processes on urban lands affecting their engineering and construction condition [Electronic resource] – Access mode. -https://studfile.net/preview/7362568/page:4/
  3. The role of engineering communications and zones of their influence on vegetation [Electronic resource] – Access mode. - https://studfile.net/preview/2959359/page:11/
  4. External engineering networks: design and installation difficulties, their solution [Electronic resource] – Access mode. - https://novolitika.ru/remont/vneshnie-inzhenernye-seti-trudnosti-proektirovaniya-i-montazha-ix-reshenie/
  5. Engineering networks, preparation and equipment of territories, buildings (textbook) V.A. Beyerbakh 2005

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