ANXIETY AS ONE OF THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE HUMAN EMOTIONAL SPHERE AND THE REASONS FOR IT’S APPEARANCE

ABSTRACT

This article discusses anxiety and anxiety from different aspects of activity. It is emphasized that anxiety can affect all spheres of human life and it can be accompanied throughout life. The main causes of anxiety are also discussed in detail.

Keywords: anxiety, person, emotional spheres of life, anxiety, self-esteem, causes, stress, conflict.

Anxiety refers to the manifestation of the emotional sphere of a person. Emotions and feelings reflect reality through the form of experiences. The emotional sphere of a person is formed through the experiences of various forms of feelings. These can be emotions, moods, stress, affects, etc. This problem is relevant today, since, according to statistics, every year more and more people suffer from increased anxiety due to various events. For example, anxiety can arise as a result of ongoing stressful situations, world events, an accelerated pace of life, a deteriorating environment, and problems within different social groups, most often within the family and work.

The purpose of this study is to consider anxiety as one of the manifestations of the emotional sphere of a person and to identify the main causes of anxiety.

Anxiety is one of the most common phenomena accompanying clinical symptoms in patients with neuropsychiatric and psychosomatic disorders, as well as a variety of psychological problems in healthy people. However, the researchers came to the conclusion that absolutely healthy people can “get sick” with increased anxiety. There are various reasons for this, which will be discussed in more detail below.

First you need to understand what anxiety is and how it differs from anxiety. In the psychological literature, two basic terms coexist, which in some cases are used as synonyms, but are more often divorced as independent concepts: anxiety and anxiety. Distinguish between anxiety as a property of the individual, as a relatively constant, relatively unchanged trait throughout life (personal anxiety) and anxiety as a negative emotional state, relatively long-term, associated with a change in neuropsychic activity (situational anxiety). At the same time, the definition of anxiety as a state is basic, the key to defining anxiety as a personality trait.

Researcher G. M . Breslav pointed out that “ anxiety is an individual side of the personality, which reflects a decrease in the threshold of susceptibility, sensitivity to various stressful situations. A person who feels threatened by his own "I" is constantly in a state of anxiety , regardless of the situation; anxiety is a tendency to experience anxiety , which is characterized by a low threshold for the occurrence of an anxiety reaction : one of the main parameters of individuality" [1, p. 473].

According to a number of authors, and in particular psychologist V.A. Ganzen , “a long-term state of anxiety can become a personality trait, moving into the category of anxiety” [2, p. 65].

In the domestic literature, anxiety is most often defined as a negative emotional state directed to the future and arising in situations of uncertainty and expectation with a lack of information and an unpredictable outcome, which manifests itself in “the expectation of an unfavorable development of events” [5, p. 276].

Predicting danger in experiencing anxiety is probabilistic. “In a person, anxiety is usually associated with the expectation of failures in social interaction and is often due to the unconsciousness of the source of danger” [5, p. 159].

Similarly, definitions of the state of anxiety are given by other domestic researchers. For example, researchers E.I. Sokolov and E.V. Belov characterize anxiety as “a stable mental state, which is characterized by reversibility with the normalization of the somatic state and social conditions and is defined as a stable state of an indefinite threat, the nature and direction of which are unknown” [8, p. 244]. The state of anxiety facilitates the formation of a number of other negative emotions and provides, according to the authors, a vivid manifestation of these negative emotions, their significant intensity in response to minor emotional stimuli.

Researcher R.M. Granovskaya considers anxiety as the most important manifestation of emotions. In her opinion, anxiety is seen as a reaction to a situation characterized by uncertainty and carrying a potential threat and danger. Essentially, anxiety is a lot like hunger. A person can be brave and active in the face of great danger, but feel completely defenseless in a state of alarm. Anxiety and fear are a reaction that occurs to danger, but fear is associated with a direct, obvious and objective danger, while with anxiety it is hidden and is subjective. Based on this, the reaction of fear, to a greater or lesser extent, corresponds to the level of danger, while in case of anxiety this reaction is incommensurable, since it also contains imaginary threats [6, p. 369].

How does anxiety manifest itself? There are basic symptoms of anxiety. Individual manifestations of anxiety are extremely diverse, but at the same time, as a rule, they are manifested by mental disorders, autonomic symptoms, and violations of basic biological motivations.

The main symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders in anxiety are anxiety over trifles, irritability and impatience, a feeling of tension, stiffness, an inability to relax, a feeling of agitation or being on the verge of a breakdown, fears, and the inability to concentrate. Quite often, patients complain of cognitive disorders [ 4 ] . Most often, disorders are accompanied by a violation of memory, concentration, productivity in professional activities. Sometimes anxiety is felt on a physical level. Pain begins in the abdomen, head, blood pressure rises, a person may even lose consciousness. Thus, a person can experience feelings of anxiety in different ways, but any symptoms negatively affect the standard of living.

In order to deal with anxiety, you need to know the causes of its occurrence. This is an important step to overcome it. Understanding this helps researchers in this area to avoid mistakes when eliminating the causes of anxiety. The famous psychologist Z. Freud identified three main types of anxiety: first, objective, caused by a real external danger; secondly, neurotic, caused by a danger not known and not defined; thirdly, moral, defined by him as “anxiety of conscience” [9, p. 181].

In the course of the analysis of thematic literature and our own experience from life, we identified the following causes of anxiety:

1. stressful situations
2. Conflicts in different social groups
3. Events that a person cannot influence in any way
4. Childhood psychological trauma
5. Somatic diseases
6. Problems with self-esteem

Let's take a closer look at each reason. One of the causes of anxiety is the generation of various stressful situations. Anxiety and anxiety in psychological science are often considered in the aspect of stress. In modern science, this term is used to refer to the following concepts:

1. “strongly unfavorable, negatively affecting the human body;

2. a strong unfavorable physiological and psychological reaction for the body to the action of stress;

3. strong, both favorable and unfavorable for the organism, a diverse reaction;

4. non-specific elements (features) of the psychological and physiological reactions of the body, which arise from exposure to influences that are excessive for it and cause intense adaptive activity.

5. non-specific elements (features) of the psychological and physiological reactions of the body that occur during any reactions of the body” [3, p. 123].

Psychologist G. Selye , who first put forward the concept of stress, singled out the anxiety reaction as the first phase in the development of stress. It mobilizes all the resources of the body, and above all biochemical and physiological, which contribute to the inclusion of a protective reaction, called the "fight and flight reaction." Given that not every person can successfully overcome even the first phase of stress, anxiety and anxiety can be observed in most cases of psychological syndromes: positive (productive) psychopathological, including asthenic (a state of irritability, increased fatigue and unstable mood); derealization (change in self-awareness, which is accompanied by a feeling of variability of the situation, natural phenomena, inanimate and animate objects); depressive (decrease in motor and mental activity, mood of depression); absent-mindedness (a complex state accompanied by a lack of understanding of one's state and (or) situations that are perceived as unusual, with a new unclear meaning); depersonalization (associated with a disorder of self-consciousness, which manifests itself in a feeling of change in all or some mental processes (perception, imagination, ideas, memory, thinking, feelings, etc.); paranoid (associated with delusions of persecution); movement disorders (a state of immobility, agitation or alternation); clouding (associated with disorders) of consciousness (there is no clinical definition of this term for "clouding of consciousness"), etc., as well as some other deficient (negative) psychopathological syndromes. It should be noted that when the level of anxiety is increased, this testifies to the manifestation of the subjective ill-being of the individual [7, pp. 462].

The next reason we called conflicts in different social groups. Relationships with people play an important role in the psychological state of a person. People are social creatures, so it is important for us to maintain a balance of communication with different members of the social group. Unfortunately, conflicts often occur within these groups. Hence anxiety arises as a reaction to these conflicts. In such cases, it is important to talk to the person, identify the problem and come to a common solution.

In our multitasking world, it is difficult for a person to get into this stream of incessant events and at the same time remain in a good psycho-emotional state. There are events that are almost impossible to influence, so the fear of the unknown causes a feeling of anxiety. Psychologists believe that anxiety is the result of active imagination and fantasy of the future.

If we turn to the origins of psychoanalysis, the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud identified typical situations of threat that take place in the development of a child and form anxiety (the tendency to endure anxiety): “fear of losing an object (a parent (usually a mother), on whom the child is most dependent); fear of losing the object's love; fear of bodily harm (“castration”); fear of conscience (moral anxiety). There is an opinion that “anxiety is the cause of some mental trauma” [9, p. 166]. Psychologists have come to the consensus that all psychological problems come from a person’s childhood, so anxiety in adulthood manifests itself as a reaction to childhood trauma.

One of the most common causes of anxiety psychologists call problems with self-esteem. Self-esteem is the core of personality. It plays a very important role in the life of any person. It is self-esteem that determines whether an individual will be in a state of harmony, both with himself and with the outside world. And also how successfully he will be able to build relationships with others. In addition, self-esteem somehow permeates all spheres of human life, therefore, with an increase in anxiety, our self-esteem suffers first of all. Psychologists call self- esteem such a component of the psyche, which largely determines how a person perceives himself and the situation in which he is. And the modern pace of life, the requirements of society, affect the human psyche, leading to increased anxiety and stress. A constantly elevated level of anxiety and being in a state of stress is often reflected in psychosomatic diseases. Therefore, it is so important to be in harmony with your body and soul.

Anxiety manifests itself differently in different situations. Under some circumstances, people behave anxiously everywhere and always, under others they show their anxiety periodically, based on the prevailing situation.

Thus, anxiety is a mental state that can be caused by probable or possible troubles, suddenness, a change in the usual environment and activities, a delay in the desired and pleasant, and which is expressed in experiences that have a specific character and reactions. Human activity in a situation that generates anxiety is determined by the strength of situational anxiety, the effectiveness of countermeasures that reduce it, and the accuracy of the cognitive assessment of the situation.

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