CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS USING FRAMEWORK TECHNOLOGY

СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО ЗДАНИЙ ПО КАРКАСНОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ

Курдюков Артем Сергеевич

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Телицына Мария Евгеньевна

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Юдина Ирина Ивановна

научный руководитель, преподаватель, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

ABSTRACT

This article deals with the issue of the construction process of low-rise buildings and structures of various purposes using frame technology, it identifies the advantages and disadvantages of this technology, it provides examples of the practical application of this technology and it also lists common mistakes made in the construction of buildings using frame technology.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной статье рассматривается вопрос процесса строительства малоэтажных зданий и строений различного предназначения по каркасной технологии, определяются преимущества и недостатки данной технологии, приводятся примеры практического применения данной технологии, а также перечисляются распространенные ошибки, допускаемые при строительстве зданий с использованием каркасной технологии.

Keywords: frame construction, stages of frame construction, advantages and disadvantages of technology, common mistakes of frame construction, statistics.

Ключевые слова: каркасное строительство, этапы каркасного строительства, преимущества и недостатки технологии, распространенные ошибки каркасного строительства, статистика.

In the modern world, there is a large variety of building construction technologies, one of which is the frame technology, which has been used for more than 100 years. Using this technology, it is possible to build a full-fledged building in just 1.5-2 months.

In order to ensure the high quality of project documentation, reliability, durability, technical progressiveness, efficiency of objects under construction, all stages of constructions are regulated by existing state standards, technical conditions, building codes and regulations, codes of reference.

In Russia, frame construction is regulated by the set of rules -31-105.2002 - "Design and construction of energy-efficient single-family residential buildings with a wooden frame ", which at the moment remains only a recommendation document. Set of rules -31-105.2002 was created on the basis of North American construction documents.

Frame construction, like any other, begins with an idea, a mental prototype of a building that highlights its main and essential features. Then, it is necessary to find financing for the implementation of construction. After that, it is necessary to draw up a technical specification for construction, to create a draft design of a building or structure, to perform work on the design of the building and to analyze the data obtained. After the approval of the project, it is necessary to collect a complete package of working documentation. Upon completion of all design and documentation solutions, the preparatory stage begins, it includes:

• Site selection. The key points of choice are the availability of transport infrastructure and utilities.

• Engineering and geodetic works. This is a complex of works aimed at obtaining information about the terrain and the situation of the area;

• Design. The development of design and estimate documentation is necessary to obtain a construction permit. In addition, it is necessary to make adjustments to the project.

• Breakdown of axes.  The main contours of the building are being transferred from the plan directly to the construction site. The result of this stage should be a signed act of splitting the axes and an executive scheme.

The next stage of construction of a frame building is excavation and foundation construction. This stage can vary significantly both in cost and duration, depending on the type of foundation.

The type of foundation for a frame building can be any, it is used depending on the types and properties of the soil, as well as on the project of the building. Such foundations as tape (deeply and finely buried), pile (reinforced concrete driven, metal screw, bored), pile-grillage, columnar, slab (reinforced concrete slab and insulated Swedish slab) are often used

After the foundation is made, it is possible to proceed with the construction of the main part of the building.

The frame building is a kind of skeleton, which can be both wooden and metal. The basis of the wooden frame is a system of vertical uprights and horizontal beams made of edged boards or glued beams, which is connected by means of simple nails and bolts and also by means of metal fasteners.

The lower element of the frame is attached to the foundation with bolts through waterproofing, then vertical racks connected by upper beams are attached to the lower element.

All the individual wall frames are combined into one solid and stable structure of the floor beams.

After the construction of the main part of the building, the roof is made.

The roof of a frame building in its structure can be: flat and pitched. The roof material can be: corrugated board, metal tiles, seam, clay tiles, onduline, slate, as well as bitumen materials such as soft tiles and surfaced roofing.

For the insulation of frame buildings, insulation laid between the exterior and interior walls is used. The insulation on both sides is covered with a vapor barrier to protect against moisture and steam.

Along with the insulation of the building, installation of window and door blocks, installation of engineering networks is carried out.

Finishing works are carried out.

The frames of walls and internal partitions are sheathed with special materials, such as plywood, oriented board, chipboard, cement chipboard, gypsum plasterboard, asbestos cement sheets, lining and imitation timber.  Facade materials, various panels, siding, wood and hauberk are used for exterior decoration. For interior decoration, plaster, paint, wallpaper or other materials are used.

The construction of walls, ceilings and roofs is called a "pie".

The "pie" of a frame house is a complex structure consisting of several layers, such as finishing material, vapor barrier, insulation and beams, tightly mounted with each other.

Let's consider some examples of "pies" in a frame building:

• A variant of "pies" for a rarely visited country house.

In such a frame house, the following is performed: a basement floor with insulation of 150 mm and a 20x100 board through 100 mm to maintain the insulation; - plywood of 12 mm or cement chipboard of 12 mm as rough floors for finishing flooring; attic floor with insulation of 200 mm, on top of which the insulation is laid; The roof pie is insulated in 150 mm. It is recommended to insulate the walls in 100mm.

• The option of "pies" frame house is suitable for permanent residence, because it is an economy option.

Comfortable living is typical for this type of house - it will be warm at any time of the year, but in winter it will not be superfluous to additionally heat the premises.

In such a frame house, it is necessary to perform: a basement floor with insulation of 200 mm with cross insulation of 50 mm and a 20x100 board through 100 mm to maintain the insulation; plywood of 12 mm or cement chipboard of 12 mm as rough floors for finishing flooring. Attic floor with insulation of 350 mm, which includes: insulation of 200 mm; cross insulation of 150 mm; on top of which it is necessary to lay a clean attic floor if the attic space is planned to be operated. The roof pie must be insulated in 200 mm with cross insulation in 50 mm. The walls must be insulated in 150 mm with cross insulation in 50 mm.

• An energy - efficient house is a building in which the energy consumption costs are on average 30 percent less than in an ordinary house.

Due to the steady increase in energy prices and the high cost of connecting gas, an increasing number of people are thinking about the construction of an energy-efficient building. When the heat losses through the enclosing structures are equal to the sum of losses through the foundation, walls and roof, a really energy-efficient house will turn out, which in a couple of years will pay off the cost of additional insulation spent on it.

In such a frame house, it is necessary to perform: a basement with insulation of 200 mm with cross insulation of 100 mm and a 20x100 board through 100 mm to maintain the insulation; plywood of 12 mm or cement chipboard of 12 mm as rough floors for finishing flooring. Attic floor with insulation of 400 mm, which includes: insulation of 200 mm; cross insulation of 200 mm; on top of which it is necessary to lay a clean attic floor if the attic space is planned to be operated. The roof pie must be insulated in 200 mm with cross insulation in 100 mm and with isoplat. The walls must be insulated in 150 mm + cross insulation in 50 mm and with isoplat.

• A passive house is a real investment in the future. To achieve a good result, it is required to insulate the enclosing structures of the house with high quality - the foundation, roof and walls.

In a passive frame house, it is necessary to perform: a basement with insulation of 200 mm with cross insulation of 150 mm and a 20x100 board through 100 mm to maintain the insulation; plywood of 12 mm or cement chipboard of 12 mm as rough floors for finishing flooring. Attic floor with insulation of more than 500 mm, which includes: insulation of 200 mm; cross insulation of 200 mm, on top of which to lay 100 mm; roof pie must be insulated in 300 mm with cross insulation in 100 mm and with isoplat. In this type of house, it is recommended to use I-beam wooden beams with a cross section of 300x89 mm instead of rafters. The walls must be carried out as follows: cross insulation in 50 mm; insulation in 150 mm; cross insulation in 50 mm.

The use of frames in combination with light enclosing structures of walls and partitions made of effective materials helps to reduce the weight of buildings compared to buildings with massive walls.

The following basic requirements are imposed on the elements of the frame:

• high strength of the material of the elements;
• manufacturability of production;
• unification of the frame elements, which reduces the complexity of manufacturing and installation of structures and the cost of construction;
• versatility of nodes connections of structural elements;
• high technical and economic indicators;
• high aesthetic qualities.

Let's consider the advantages of the frame technology:

• no shrinkage – you can immediately do finishing work;
• exterior and interior decoration can be very diverse;
• communications can be hidden in the walls of a frame building;
• low cost of construction, compared to stone buildings;
• durability of the structure;
• good thermal conductivity indicators;
• the insulation of the building can be selected for specific needs;
• a wooden frame house is able to retain heat longer with a smaller wall thickness of the structure;
• environmental friendliness;
• high noise-insulating properties.
• short terms of construction of the building.

Let's consider the disadvantages of the frame technology:

• built of combustible material;
• it is difficult to find the ideal material for construction;
• shorter operational life compared to a stone building; On average, every 25-30 years, any house requires major repairs;
• various parasites can be introduced into the wooden structure;
• frequent non-compliance with construction technology;
• forced ventilation is often necessary;

Let's consider the most common mistakes in the construction of frame buildings:

• the absence of the project or the presence of errors in it;
• the problem with waterproofing;
• wrong choice of lumber;
• lack of wood treatment with special compounds;
• incorrect arrangement of "pies" of floors, walls, roof of the building;
• incorrect selection and installation of vapor barrier and membranes;
• no ventilation gaps;
• violation of construction technology;
• insufficient thickness of beams;
• using unsuitable hardware;
• incorrect organization of ventilation.

Let's consider the practice of frame construction in the world and in our country.

Frame buildings abroad, from the portal of the Dream: "The share of wooden houses in construction in general: USA – 95 percent, Finland – 90 percent, Canada – 83 percent, Swede – 78 percent, Japan – 45 percent, Germany – 15 percent, Great Britain – 13 percent, France – 3 percent, Spain – 1 percent ".

Statistics provided on the RBC portal: "In 2020, 9.35 million square meters of housing made of wood were built in Russia. This indicator was the highest since 2009, when the agency began to keep such statistics. In 2019, 8.83 million square meters of wooden housing were built — an increase amounted to 5.9 percent. In comparison with the results of 2018, volumes have increased by 31.8 percent."

Statistics provided on the portal of the AK&M News Agency: "The share of wooden houses in the total number of housings put into operation increased from 10.7 percent in 2019, when 8.83 million square meters of housing were built, to 11.67 percent in 2021. Over the past year, 10.8 million square meters of residential buildings with wooden walls were built.

In general, 92.6 million square meters of residential premises were commissioned in Russia last year, of which 49.1 million square meters were individual residential buildings and 43.5 million square meters were multi-apartment buildings. The achieved indicator is 18.7 percent higher than the planned value of 2021, and this is a record volume of input in the entire history, since the times of the USSR".

Conclusions:

1. Summing up, it can be noted that a frame building is a quickly and easily erected, durable, warm, efficient and it is not an expensive structure that is widely used for the construction of buildings around the world.
2. Using frame technology, it is necessary to strictly observe the construction technology and carefully choose materials. This is the only way to achieve the absence of errors during construction.
3. A frame building can be compared with a constructor, in which it is possible to choose the necessary structural solutions, such as a "pie" of walls, ceilings and roofs for specific problems and it is also to choose any finishing materials you like.
4. As for statistics, in the world and in our country there is an increase in the construction of buildings using frame technology. This suggests that people are increasingly giving their preference to the frame technology in building construction. Consequently, in the future there will be even greater growth of building construction using frame technology.

References:

1. Building codes and regulations: SNIP 3.03.01-87. Load-bearing and enclosing structures. [Text]: regulatory and technical material. – Moscow: [B.I.], 1987. – 195 p. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data2/1/4294854/4294854672.pdf
2. Code of Rules: SP-31-105.2002. Design and construction of energy-efficient single-family residential buildings with a wooden frame. [Text]: regulatory and technical material. – Moscow: [B.I.], 2002. – 75 p. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.gostrf.com/normadata/1/4294846/4294846938.pdf
3. Rosstat has set a record for the construction of wooden housing. / RBC / - 2021. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://realty.rbc.ru/news/606449dd9a7947f596698d67
4. Russian wooden house construction is breaking records. / AK&M. News Agency / - 2022. [Electronic resource]. URL:https://www.akm.ru/press/rossiyskoe_derevyannoe_domostroenie_byet_rekordy/
5. The popularity of frame houses in America, Europe and Russia. Detailed statistics. / Mechtaevo / [Electronic resource]. URL: https://mechtaevo.ru/blog/populyarnost-karkasnyix-domov/
6. Vilyakainen M. Individual house "Platform". Guide. Design and construction. / M. Vilyakainen // JSC"Puuinfo". — 2000. — 137 p. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.laryhome.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/platforma.pdf