HISTORICAL IMPETUS TO THE FORMATION OF TOURISM IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ИМПУЛЬС К ФОРМИРОВАНИЮ ТУРИЗМА В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН

Мирас Қанатұлы

PhD докторант, Казахский гуманитарно-юридический инновационный университет,

Республика Казахстан, г. Семей

Адильбаева Айгуль Сериккановна

д-р ист. наук, Казахский гуманитарно-юридический инновационный университет,

Республика Казахстан, г. Семей

ABSTRACT

The article considers the historical impulse to the formation of tourism in Kazakhstan. The analysis of the tourism cluster, developed promising areas of its development. Particular attention is paid to the importance of the development of tourism in the country as the most promising segment.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В статье рассмотрен исторический импульс к формированию туризма в Казахстане. Проведен анализ состояния туристского кластера, разработаны перспективные направления его развития. Особое внимание уделено важности развития туризма в республике как наиболее перспективного сегмента.

Keywords: tourist cluster; tourism; tourism marketing; marketing mix.

Ключевые слова: туристский кластер; туризм; маркетинг в туризме; комплекс маркетинга.

The word "tourist" appeared in English at the beginning of the XIX century and translated from English means: someone who makes a trip for their own pleasure or to expand their cultural horizons (Birzhakov, 2007). In his monograph, M. B. Birzhakov (2007) defines modern tourism as follows: "Tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or another area within their country in their free time for pleasure and recreation, health and medical, guest, educational, religious or professional business purposes, but without engaging in paid work from a source in the visited place."

Tourism as a sphere of activity in its present state emerged and took shape at the end of the XIX century, and the true intensive development was only in the second half of the XX century, namely in the age of rapid development of technology, technology, social relations, for which it received the loud title of "phenomenon of the XX century" (Birzhakov, 2000).

Taking into account the technical, economic and social prerequisites, as well as the target functions of tourism, we can divide the history of this direction into four stages: stage 1: before the beginning of the XIX century-the prehistory of tourism;

Stage 2: the beginning of the XIX century - the beginning of the XX century – the birth of specialized enterprises for the production of tourist services;

Stage 3: the beginning of the XX century-before the Second World War-the beginning of the formation of social tourism;

Stage 4: after the Second World War-the modern stage-mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism. It is at this stage that tourism becomes a truly mass character: from a luxury item, it becomes a need for the majority of the population of highly developed industrial countries.

To a certain extent, this was facilitated by the reduction of working time, and, accordingly, the growth of free time. A powerful leisure industry is being formed with its own institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production.

At a certain stage in the development of the economy, when the need for travel has increased dramatically, there were also manufacturers of travel services. This led to the formation of a special type of product-tourism. Thus, tourism emerged as a commodity that can be bought and sold in the consumer market and which is realized in the form of tangible and intangible services. A peculiar advantage of tourist services as a commodity is that a significant part of these services are produced with minimal costs on the spot and, as a rule, without the use of foreign currency (Saprunova, 1997).

The historical prerequisites of tourism in Kazakhstan are the formation and development of the Great Silk Road, the beginning of the formation of which dates back to the third millennium BC.This system of caravan roads, which in ancient times and in the Middle Ages crossed Eurasia from the Mediterranean to China, served as the origins and development of trade and cultural relations of peoples, states, regions located in the zone of this route. It was here that the largest shopping centers were built, where travelers from different countries stayed.

The cities had trading buildings and caravanserais. Accommodation of all traveling people in yurts became simply impossible, inns began to appear, and the most necessary services were often offered: accommodation, food, water. For the organization of overnight stays for the participants of the caravans along the trade routes, special accommodation points were also created – caravanserais, which usually include rooms for people and corrals for camels and horses. All this was surrounded by a fortress wall, protecting it from the natural elements, as well as from robbers and robbers (Gvozdenko, 1998).

Information about the territory of Kazakhstan before the beginning of the XVIII century is scarce and not always reliable. They were usually received by chance, mainly from Russian merchants and ambassadors. Only under Peter I did organized expeditions to the western part of Central Asia begin to some extent. Only in the first half of the XIX century, some of the outskirts of Turkestan began to be visited by scientists and travelers. However, the central part of Central Asia remained virtually unknown, both in terms of geographical characteristics and economic opportunities.

With the accession of Kazakhstan to Russia, an active study of its vast territory began. At this time, the borders of Russia were already in contact with the Central Asian khanates. Central Asia was annexed to Russia in the 19th century.

In the 60s and 70s, scientific expeditions organized by the Russian Geographical Society and the Society of Natural Science Lovers moved to Kazakhstan.

These expeditions aroused great interest among the leading Russian scientists-naturalists, such as G. S. Karelin, Ch. Ch.Valikhanov, G. N. Potanin, P. P. Semenov, N. A. Severtsov, I. V. Musketov, K. I. Bogdanovich, L. S. Berg and others.

Discovering the majestic expanses of nature in Kazakhstan for the first time, studying the flora and fauna, the flow of rivers and the structure of mountains, they sought to enrich Russian science and put it at the forefront of world science. A characteristic feature of their activities was a friendly attitude to the local population, respect for its customs and culture. In turn, the Kazakhs provided invaluable assistance to many expeditions as guides, interpreters and caravan drivers.

Research by scientists of the vast expanses of Kazakhstan gave an impetus to the development of tourism. Back in the XIX century, curious people alone or in groups began to conduct excursions, hikes and walks in picturesque places. Especially attractive to them were the mountain landscapes. Although, on the territory of Kazakhstan, mountain ranges do not exceed 10%, they attracted and attract travelers with their pristine beauty.

The first tourist of Semirechye can be considered the Cossack esaul Alexey Vasilyevich Khoroshin, who not only traveled a lot in the foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau, but also in 1875 made an attempt to climb to the top of Talgar.

He managed to reach an altitude of 12,050 feet. Later, at the beginning of the XX century, there was such a form of travel, which involved the entrance to the healing places. Near the mineral deposits, accommodation facilities were built – sanatoriums, which were famous for comfort and various entertainment. With the development of medical tourism in Kazakhstan, the role of mountain tourism increased, and overnight accommodation facilities for tourists began to be built (Saipov, 1999).

Tourist bases were built in the most picturesque places of the republic.

Every year, the number of places in additional types of accommodation begins to increase faster than the number of places in hotels and motels. There are new types of accommodation facilities. Often, it was even difficult to distinguish between the main and additional types of accommodation, even in the owner's rented private apartments, they provide vacationers with the same services as in hotels.

In 1930, under the leadership of F. L. Savin, a team of 16 employees of the Almaty City Post and Telegraph went on a simple route: Almaty-Medeo-Kokzhailau – Big Almaty Lake. In January 1931, V. M. Zimin conducted the first winter trek of tourists on the route: Almaty-Uzunagach-Kurdai Pass.

In the same 1931, the first cell of the All – Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions-OPTE, which included 10 people, was organized in the capital of the republic at the Zhetysu Provincial Museum. The forces of the tourist asset in the Gorelnik tract, near Almaty, built a hut for tourists, in 1936 transformed into a tourist base "Gorelnik" for 50 beds.

In 1938, the first mass tourist event took place – a rally in the Kokzhailau tract, which gathered about 200 participants. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Kazakhstan Council of the OPTE ceased its activities. After the war, they began to train sports personnel of mountaineers and skiers for the republic, and in 1953, the Issyk campsite, located near the shores of the lake of the same name, entered the operation of existing tourist facilities. Much later, due to the mudslide danger, these camp sites were closed.

In 1952, the VCSPS3 opened the tourist and excursion Department (TEU) in Kazakhstan. Since 1958, it became known as the Central Asian TEU. In 1960, the Republican Department of Tourism under Kazsovprof was established. In 1962, the previously existing TEUs were reorganized into the councils for tourism and excursions.

In 1965, the Kazakh Republican Council for Tourism and Excursions to Almaty and 5 regional councils were organized: Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Karaganda, Ural and Chimkent.

With the development of international and domestic tourism, the demand for cheaper accommodation – camping-began to grow. Their development is typical for the period of 60-80 years.

Tourist hotels are located and were built mainly in the major cities of the republic, where there are historical, architectural and archaeological monuments, museums. All hotels in Kazakhstan served mainly sightseeing and educational routes, an important place in which is the acquaintance of guests with the Kazakh national culture.

A powerful impetus to the development of tourism was given by the decree "On measures for the further development of tourism and excursions in the country" in1969. In Kazakhstan, new regional councils for tourism and excursions, tour bureaus, travel agencies and excursions began to appear. Special attention was paid to strengthening the material base of tourism in the republic – the construction and equipping of new tourist bases and hotels with restaurants, cinemas and other cultural and household services.

Gradually, trips abroad are becoming more and more popular among Kazakhstanis, i.e. international tourism is beginning to develop. The official beginning of its development can be considered in 1956, when 25 foreign guests first arrived in the republic (Gvozdenko, 1998).

At the time when Kazakhstan was part of the USSR, tourism as a branch of the economy was not considered at all. The trips were made only for the purpose of health improvement, recreation and excursions. Domestic tourism significantly prevailed over international tourism (entry and exit), as the complexity of obtaining visas and closed borders significantly complicated its development. At that time, the main tourist areas of the USSR were the historical centers of Russia and Central Asia, then the Crimea and the Baltic States. During the same period, all the most valuable things that Kazakhstan had (a large territory with a wide range of natural and recreational resources, cultural wealth and historical heritage) remained in the shadows, unknown and unexplored, the sights of the country were practically not advertised, which led to a lack of demand and tourist interest. Tourism in Kazakhstan during the Soviet period was one of the elements of the system of cultural and educational work, which performed an ideological function and, despite its dominant role, was funded on a residual basis, and also had no significant economic significance.

One of the reasons for the underdevelopment of the tourism industry in Kazakhstan was the fact that at the state level it was not purposefully engaged in as a branch of the economy. No attention was paid to integrated forecasting, long-term planning, territorial organization of tourism and non-state tourist structures. A factor hindering the development of the industry was also the non-recognition of tourism activities as a priority on the part of local governments, despite the fact that most of the income from tourism goes to the local budget.

References:

1. Birzhakov M. B.: Introduction to tourism. 9th edition, revised and expanded. Saint-Petersburg: Gerda Publishing House, 2007. p. 321.
2. Gvozdenko A. A.: Hotel and tourist business. Moscow: Association of Authors and Publishers "Tandem", 1998.
3. Yerdavletov S. R.: Geography of tourism in Kazakhstan. Almaty: Gylym, 1992.
4. Nakatkov Yu. S.: History of tourism in Kazakhstan. Almaty: Nur-press, 2006.
5. Saipov A. A.: Theory and practice of tourism in Kazakhstan. Almaty: I. Altynsarin Academy of Education, 1999.
6. Saprunova V. B.: Tourism: evolution, structure, marketing. Moscow: Os-89, 1997.
7. Smykova M. R.: Tourism: economy, management and marketing. Almaty: Nur-press, 2006. pp. 13-17.