SACRED PLACES, RELATED TO THE HISTORICAL AND POLITI-CAL EVENTS

ABSTRACT

Kazakhstan is unique not only by the diversity of the landscape, the combination of different climatic zones, but also by historical monuments. In the architectural structures, graves, Parking lots of ancient people lives the memory of centuries. Historical places of Kazakhstan are a source of exceptional information about the culture and traditions of our region.

Keywords: monuments, history, culture, heritage, sacred places, museum.

In the message from the President Nursultan Nazarbayev "Kazakhstan-2030" among the main priorities of the state in the cultural sphere was defined the preservation of historical and cultural heritage. For this purpose, the state program "Cultural heritage for 2004-2009" was developed, aimed at the implementation of historical and cultural continuity in the interests of the dynamic development of culture and spirituality of Kazakhstan. The program is designed to make a breakthrough in the study, preservation and use of historical and cultural heritage of Kazakhstan. Over the last years, a lot of work has been done to create an integrated system of studying the cultural heritage of the country, to recreate significant historical, cultural and architectural monuments. In the continuation of this project, our President in his article: "Looking into the future: modernization of public consciousness" outlined the program «Sacred geography», which identified and will be identified historical places in Kazakhstan associated with great events and great people[1].

And what are sacred places? Sacred places are objects of natural and cultural heritage of people who lived in these places, mausoleums, monuments of architecture, as well as places associated with historical and political events that remain in the memory of the people of Kazakhstan and the entire civilized society.

1.1 Historical - cultural objects of Kazakhstan

Modern Kazakhstan is experiencing a period of national revival and the revival of national statehood. Previously, there was a conscious eradication and destruction of traditions throughout the twentieth century. At the moment, there is a great interest in the origins of the history of Kazakhstan. It gives me great pleasure to dive into the past of the Motherland, to discover the values of the spiritual and cultural world of the people who inhabited the expanses of Kazakhstan.

Undoubtedly, the historical and cultural heritage of Kazakhstan is great. and it should be noted that today in the world list of cultural heritage of UNESCO 11 historical sites of Kazakhstan. These are the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui in Turkestan, the stone complex of Tamgaly petroglyphs in Almaty region and the lakes and steppes of Saryarka and North Kazakhstan region. Also included in this list in 2014 were the objects of the Great Silk road in the Chang'an-Tien Shan corridor: Kayalyk, Karamergen, Talgar, Aktobe, Akyrtas, Kulan, Kostobe and Ornek.

The southern capital of Almaty has already taken the first serious step in this direction - the list of local spiritual shrines has already been determined. The proposals were put forward by a working group of deputies of the maslikhat, experts in the field of history, archaeology, Ethnography-restorers, local historians, representatives of the Museum business and other experts. 5 objects were selected by the research center "Sacred Kazakhstan". All of them are included in the state list of monuments of historical and cultural heritage.

The first place it is the burial place of the outstanding Raiymbek Batyr (1705 – 1785 years). According to legend, rayymbek Batyr before his death addressed his descendants: "in case of my death, wrap my body in a bag, load it on a white camel, and where the camel lies down, there and bury me." On the spot where the camel stopped, and was erected a mausoleum with a sculpture of a white camel. Since then, this place is popularly considered a holy place, where thousands of people come to worship.

Archaeological Park-reserve "Boralday sak mounds". Monument of the early iron age, dated VI-III centuries BC, is located in the North-Western part of the city. The burial complex of military leaders and rulers of the Saka and uisun tribes consists of 47 large and more than 200 small mounds. The size of the burial grounds vary from 3 to 150 meters in diameter and from 0.1 to 14 meters in height. Soon this place will be the first Museum-reserve of this format, which is planned to be included in the UNESCO world heritage list.

Monuments "Tauelsizdik" and "Tauelsizdik tany".   Monument "Tauelsizdik" with the image of "Golden warrior" was installed on the Republic square in 1996 in honor of the first five years of Independence of Kazakhstan. The height of the arrow-28 meters, the height of the sculpture-6 meters, depicts a "Golden warrior", ruling the winged leopard, symbolizing the real state power in the Kazakh land. At the foot of the stele there are sculptures symbolizing the four sides of the world. The monument "Tauelsizdik tany", symbolizing the freedom and independence of the people of Kazakhstan, was erected in 2006 in honor of the 20th anniversary of "Zheltoksan revolt" in 1986. 

House-Museum named after Akhmet Baitursynov. The Museum In the house of outstanding statesman and public figure, educator Akhmet Baitursynov was opened in 1993. The Fund of the same name collected unique archival documents, photographs, personal belongings and manuscripts of scientific works. The Museum has a library where research articles, books, literary journals, monographs and materials of scientific and practical conferences are stored. Akhmet Baitursynov lived here from 1934 to 1937, the building itself was built at the end of the XIX century.

Holy ascension Cathedral. The unique monument of the beginning of XX century is considered one of the best examples of cult architecture of Kazakhstan. The Cathedral, which exceeds a height of 44 meters, was the center of the architectural appearance of the city of Vernon. The temple was built in 1904-1907 by architect Borisoglebsky, engineer Zenkov with the participation of Naranovich. Items of interior decoration were made in the best art workshops in Moscow and Kiev[2].

1.2 Sacred places, related to the historical and political events.

In 2018, the Register of sacred sites was compiled on the basis of collegial selection by research teams of three organizations: the Institute of Archaeology. A. H. Margulan, Institute of history and Ethnology. H. after CH. Valikhanov, Institute of history of the state. The preliminary list of sacred places in Kazakhstan includes 574 objects, of which 279 were described in 2017. Scientists, based on the materials of archival and bibliographic nature, field research, formed a register with the characteristics of objects from ancient times to the present.

Sacred objects, the researchers were divided into 6 categories, they are:

1. Especially revered monuments of natural heritage;
2. Archaeological and architectural monuments;
3. Large medieval urban centers and capitals of the Kazakh khanate;
4. Religious and places of worship;
5. Sacred places associated with historical figures;
6. Sacred places associated with historical and political events.

But now I will consider exactly those places that are associated with historical and political events. to begin with, let's get acquainted with the list of such unique places, which, I think, are an integral part of the great and sometimes even tragic history of our country. These are:

1. The Monument "Tanbaly tas".

2. Place Orbulak battle.

3. The site of the battle of Boulantine.

4. The site of the battle of Anrakai.

5. Monument "Birlik" (Ordabasy mountain).

6. Historical complex "Bokey Ordasy"

7. Monument "Otan korgaushylar" Astana.

8. Memorial complex of victims of political repression "ALGERIA".

9. Republic square, Almaty (independence Monument, "Tauelsizdik tany").

10. Museum of memory of victims of political repressions p. Dolinka.

11. Home "Alash aristera" (Semey).

12. Monument "Asharshylyk kurbandaryna eskertkish" Astana.

13. Monument dedicated to the victims of Semipalatinsk landfill - "Stronger than death" (Semey).

14. The monument "Astana-Baiterek", Astana.

15. The "Kazak Eli" monument and the triumphal arch "Mangilik El" in Astana.

The battle of Orbulak was a battle during the Kazakh-Jungar war, in which the Kazakhs led by Jangirihanom and Zhalantos-Batyr in 1643 defeated the army of Erdeni-Batur. In 1993, a memorial monument was erected on the site of the battle of Orbulak. The battle consisted of two battles. The first – in the mountains, when 600 Kazakh batyrs opposed a thousandfold superior force of the enemy. And the second – on flat terrain with the participation of a large number of troops. In the summer of 2017, as part of the initiatives in the program article of President Nursultan Nazarbayev "Looking into the future: Modernization of public consciousness" in the direction of "Tugan Zher" and sacred geography, in a solemn atmosphere in the Panfilov district of Almaty region, at the place where one of the greatest battles - the battle of Orbulak-took place, a memorial monument was erected.

The battle of Anrakai. The Anrakai mountains and lake Alakol were important strategic points during the entire period of the Jungar-Kazakh confrontation . From here on the Chu river there was an exit to sarys, Karkaraly mountains and Ulytau mountains. The alternation of different mountain landscapes provided good opportunities for cavalry attacks and maneuvers, and the tugai forests near the battle area allowed for a covert concentration of troops.

An important cultural and historical landmark of the Chu-ili district is the tract of Anirakai, where in the spring of 1730 the last battle in the eight-year Kazakh-Jungar war (1723-1730) took place.It was crowned with the victory of a single military militia of three zhuzs under the Supreme command of Khan Abulkhair (1710-1748) over an old enemy and the complete expulsion of the Dzungars from the previously conquered territories of Kazakhstan[3].

Monument "Birlik" (Ordabasy mountain). In 1994, the Ordabasy Historical and cultural national reserve was opened. It is located on the left floodplain terrace of the Badam river 40 km West of Shymkent.

On the territory of the reserve-Museum there are 10 monuments of historical and cultural significance. On the very top of Ordabasy mountain stands today a monument-a stele of 28 m, as a reminder to descendants of those heroic years. In the autumn of 1726, the all-Kazakh Kurultai Congress was held in Ordabasy, on a high hill above the Badam river. Khans Abulkhair, Abulmambet, Sameke, Kushik, Zholbarys, sultans, Biy of different families headed by Biy Tole Alibekuly, kazdauysty Kazybek Biy, Aiteke Biy, famous generals and batyrs were invited to the Congress.

The memorial in Ordabasy was erected in 2001 in the year of the 275th anniversary of the famous Kurultai and the year of the 10th anniversary of independent Kazakhstan. There is also a tribune, where in 1993 the presidents of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan signed an agreement on eternal friendship[4].

Memorial complex of victims of political repression "ALGERIA". The Museum-memorial complex of victims of political repressions and totalitarianism "ALGIERS" was opened on may 31, 2007 at the initiative and with the participation of the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev in Akmol village of Tselinograd district of Akmola region.

It was here that the infamous Akmola camp of wives of traitors of the Motherland – "ALGERIA", where in different years more than 18 thousand women were kept. Women whose only fault was that they were simply the wives of arrested, shot " enemies of the people"[5].

Monument "Stronger than death" - a memorial to the victims of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. It was inaugurated on August 29, 2001, in Semipalatinsk, on the island of "Colonel".The memorial is a stele with a height of 25 meters, which is cast from precast monolithic reinforced concrete, faced with polished granite blocks and slabs of black Semipalatinsk granite "gabbro". The silhouette of the "atomic mushroom"is embossed on the monument. At the bottom there is a white marble sculpture of a mother who hides her child with her body. It is a symbol of maternal love, able to protect the child from all difficulties and bad weather.

The main architect of the monument was Shota Ualikhanov. The memorial "Stronger than death" symbolizes all the victims and losses as a result of nuclear tests in the period from 1949 to 1963.

It is important to note that the history of ancient Kazakhstan hides a lot of interesting facts and events on the formation and development of culture, customs and traditions. I carefully follow how scientists, archaeologists, historians work together to study the places of residence, sites of ancient tribes, such as the Saks, uysuns, Huns, Sarmatians, kangyuis and many others. When immersed in the story I noted that Kazakhstan has an ancient and profound spiritual and material culture. By all means, every people who inhabited my country contributed to the formation of knowledge, philosophy, traditions and culture in General. Touching the sacred, it becomes clear how important it is to appreciate and preserve what enriches my consciousness about my homeland.

References:

1. https://presidentlibrary.kz/ru
2. https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/kultovyie-istoricheskie-obyektyi-almatyi-kotoryie-voshli-324319/
3. “History of Kazakhstan” 8 grade – 2016. 6-9p.
4. https://www.votpusk.ru/country/dostoprim_s.asp?CN=KZ&CT=X&Q=65&P=1
5. https://rus.azattyq.org/a/gulag_camp_kazakhstan/24179843.html
6. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/kazakhstan/semey/attractions/stronger-than-death-memorial/a/poi-sig/1385548/356863