MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF CONSTRUCTION OF PREFABRICATED LOW-RISE BUILDINGS OF INCREASED FACTORY READINESS

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА БЫСТРОВОЗВОДИМЫХ МАЛОЭТАЖНЫХ ЗДАНИЙ ПОВЫШЕННОЙ ЗАВОДСКОЙ ГОТОВНОСТИ

Усанова Юлия Алексеевна

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Шуст Вероника Игоревна

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Лукина Татьяна Андреевна

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Фаизов Тимур Ришатович

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Юдина Ирина Ивановна

научный руководитель, старший преподаватель, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

АННОТАЦИЯ

Данная статья посвящена вопросу использования в строительной индустрии технологий быстровозводимых малоэтажных зданий повышенной заводской готовности. Целью исследования было определить сущность и методы применения данных технологий в строительстве, выявить преимущества быстровозводимых строительства зданий с применением данных технологий, определить экономическую выгоду от инвестиций в быстровозводимые здания, а также описать перспективы использования технологий быстровозводимого строительства в будущем.

ABSTRACT

This article is devoted to the issue of using technologies of prefabricated low-rise buildings of increased factory readiness in the construction industry. The purpose of the study was to determine the nature and methods of using these technologies in construction, to identify the advantages of prefabricated buildings using these technologies, to determine the economic benefits of investing in prefabricated buildings, and to describe the prospects for using prefabricated construction technologies in the future.

Ключевые слова: технологии быстровозводимых зданий, малоэтажные здания, заводская готовность, преимущества методы применения, экономическая выгода.

Keywords: prefabricated building technologies, low-rise buildings, factory readiness, advantages, application methods, economic benefits.

Modern technologies for the construction of prefabricated low-rise buildings of increased factory readiness represent a qualitatively new approach to the organization of construction processes. Prefabricated building technologies (PB) ensure the implementation of projects with minimal labor costs and time frames due to the use of prefabricated elements such as metal frames and sandwich panels. These technologies simplify the construction of buildings and also significantly reduce the impact of climatic conditions on the construction process, since many operations can be performed in any weather due to the exclusion of "wet" processes.

The methods for applying such technologies vary depending on the purpose of the facilities (residential buildings, commercial or industrial buildings). The striking examples of the successful use of PB are modern multifunctional complexes with high requirements for energy efficiency and ecology. Modern technologies allow you to create structures that are easily adapted to various functional needs, which make them very popular. The main emphasis in the PB concept is on the use of factory methods. Modular structures are created at factories, which are then assembled fairly quickly at the construction site and it minimizes residual costs and reduces the risks associated with emergency situations at the work site. The use of standardized components also facilitates the design process, speeding it up and allowing you to focus on the aesthetics and functionality of buildings.

Modern technologies for the construction of prefabricated low-rise buildings of increased factory readiness have a number of advantages that make them more profitable and convenient for the use in various fields. Let us list these advantages:

1. Speed of construction. Buildings created from modular components can be erected three times faster than traditional structures, due to the simple system of assembling individual elements. This is especially noticeable in the case of small buildings, which can be assembled in just a few hours, while larger objects, such as hangars or retail spaces, require from several days to weeks to build.
2. Versatility of prefabricated buildings. The ability to use these technologies in a variety of areas - from housing to commercial and industrial facilities. Designing structures with different sizes and shapes allows you to adapt buildings to the specific needs and tasks of customers. This approach optimizes the design and construction process, allowing you to implement many different projects with minimal costs and in a short time.
3. Cost-effectiveness. One of the reasons for reducing costs is the use of lightweight metal structures, which reduces the weight of buildings and allows you to simplify the foundations. This, in turn, further reduces the cost of construction, since less load on the soil requires the use of less expensive solutions for the construction of foundations. These aspects are important for investors seeking to optimize their financial investments and get a quick return on investment
4. Thermal efficiency of prefabricated buildings. It is ensured by the use of modern insulation materials and technologies. Buildings constructed using innovative technologies often have better thermal insulation, which allows to significantly reduce heating costs during the cold period. This makes such structures not only economically attractive, but also environmentally friendly, which is extremely important in light of modern trends in sustainable development
5. Less weight and simplicity of design. All this significantly reduces the number of difficulties during construction work. Lightweight structural elements help to reduce the cost of not only the materials themselves, but also the overall costs of construction operations. Lighter structures require less mechanization and lower costs for labor-intensive work, simplifying the organization of work processes and reducing installation time.

Modern technologies for the construction of prefabricated low-rise buildings are advanced methods based on the use of various building materials that ensure fast and efficient construction of structures. The most important of these materials are sandwich panels, steel frame systems and modular structures.

Sandwich panels are widely used due to their lightness and high thermal insulation. These panels, consisting of several layers, provide good mechanical properties and can be made of various materials, such as mineral wool and expanded polystyrene. This contributes to the fact that buildings constructed using sandwich panels demonstrate high resistance to climatic influences and durability, creating comfortable living conditions.

Steel frame systems, in turn, provide the opportunity to create lightweight and durable structures, which significantly reduces construction time. These structures can be a steel profile plate, which allows for the development of various architectural forms and solutions. Buildings become resistant to wind and seismic loads due   to high rigidity of steel.

Modular structures are another innovation in the field of prefabricated construction. These buildings are assembled from prefabricated modules, which minimize the amount of work on the construction site. This approach allows for a significant reduction in construction time, as well as costs, since up to 90 percent of all work is performed at the factory. Modules can include all engineering systems, which further simplify the assembly process.

Among other modern materials for prefabricated construction, lightweight concrete elements should be highlighted. They provide sufficient strength and thermal insulation with less weight, which is especially important for low-rise buildings. This technology is used in cases where it is necessary to reduce transportation costs and lighten the overall structure.

It should also be noted that wooden structures are becoming increasingly popular due to their ecology and aesthetics. Wood as a building material is not only easy to process, but also has good thermal insulation properties. When using modern processing technologies, wood becomes much more durable and resistant to various external factors. Let's move on to the description of the economic benefits of investing in prefabricated buildings.

Construction speed is one of the most significant characteristics of prefabricated buildings. The process can be completed several times faster than using traditional methods, which reduces the time costs for labor and equipment rental. For example, the construction of a modular house can take only a few weeks, while traditional construction requires much more time from several months to a year, depending on the complexity of the project and weather conditions.

Economic efficiency also comes first in the cost comparison. The use of factory-ready components, as well as optimization of construction processes, allows for a reduction in labor costs by 35-40 percent compared to traditional methods. This, in turn, helps reduce the amount of waste, which has a positive effect on reducing the overall construction budget. In addition, due to standardization and the use of modern technologies, it is possible to avoid the costs of adjusting and reworking poorly executed work.

Flexibility of design in prefabricated buildings deserves special attention. The ability to create a variety of shapes and sizes is perceived as an important advantage, making it possible to quickly respond to changing customer needs.

Unlike traditional construction, where the project often becomes a fixed quantity, here it is easy to take into account the wishes of the client and make changes during the work. In addition, prefabricated buildings are less susceptible to the influence of weather conditions. This is critical, since weather events can delay work and increase costs. Coping with bad weather is made easier, since all components are manufactured in a controlled environment in the factory, which minimizes the risk of delays.

The durability and thermal insulation properties of modern materials such as sandwich panels also contribute to their popularity. Such structures have a service life of up to 25 years and provide a high level of thermal insulation, which is not only an economically advantageous, but also an environmentally friendly solution for construction. In the context of traditional construction, it is worth noting the high costs of material resources and the long period of project management. This approach includes many stages, from design to obtaining all the necessary construction permits and it significantly increases the time and financial costs. The labor intensity of each stage also requires significant investments, which ultimately affect the cost per square meter.

Thus, prefabricated buildings are a more economical and efficient alternative to traditional construction methods, which make them especially relevant in today's market. Competition for construction contracts requires the search for and implementation of new solutions that help reduce costs. This trend is already actively developing and continues to gain popularity among developers and end users.

Modern technologies for the construction of prefabricated low-rise buildings, based on a modular approach and the production of ready-made components, are increasingly used in the market. The total investment in such projects is about 2,050,000 rubles, which can be considered a relatively low amount in modern conditions. The payback period of these projects is interesting: the simple period is only 6 months, and the discounted period is 4.27 years. Prefabricated buildings are distinguished by significant time savings, which makes it possible to more quickly put objects into operation and, accordingly, to make a profit.

The price of building traditional buildings often includes high labor costs and equipment rental, while the use of prefabricated construction technologies can significantly reduce these costs. Rapid construction of buildings without loss of quality helps to reduce project costs due to the preliminary manufacture of elements in controlled factory conditions, it is possible to improve quality and simplify processes. Modern designs provide flexibility and adaptability, and it allows more efficient use of space and available resources.

When using prefab modular technology in construction, prefabricated elements are manufactured in a factory and then assembled on a prepared site in a matter of days. This means that labor and rental costs are significantly lower compared to traditional methods, where the costs for these items can exceed 50 percent of the total project budget. This approach not only reduces financial costs, but also avoids the long delays observed on construction sites.

The efficiency of investments in prefabricated buildings is not limited to cost minimization. Automated processes in factories, strict quality control and the use of standardized elements also contribute to the reduction of overall construction costs. At the operational stage, buildings require lower maintenance and service costs due to the use of high-quality and durable materials, which make them competitive.

The comparative advantage of using prefabricated construction technologies is beyond doubt. Accelerated deadlines, adaptability to changing market conditions and lower costs make such investments increasingly attractive for both private and commercial developers. As practice shows, many projects provide a quick payback and stable income from the operation of buildings. Business models based on prefabricated buildings are capable of generating profit in just a few months, which corresponds to the high pace of modern economic realities. The speed of construction is one of the most significant characteristics of prefabricated buildings. The process can be completed several times faster than using traditional methods, which reduces time costs for labor and equipment rental. For example, the construction of a modular home can take only a few weeks, while traditional construction requires much more time from several months to a year, depending on the complexity of the project and weather conditions. Cost-effectiveness also comes first when comparing costs. The use of factory-prepared components, as well as the optimization of construction processes, allows for a reduction in labor costs by 35-40 percent compared to traditional methods. This, in turn, helps reduce the amount of waste, which has a positive effect on reducing the overall construction budget. In addition, due to standardization and the use of modern technologies, it is possible to avoid the costs of adjusting and reworking poorly executed work.

Modern technologies of prefabricated construction (BVZ) are used in various construction methods, each of which has its own characteristics and advantages. Their use is based on the principle of optimizing the processes of building construction in order to reduce time and resource costs.

One of the most common methods is the frame system of light steel thin-walled structures (LSTC). This method ensures high installation speed, and also has a positive effect on the energy efficiency of buildings due to good thermal insulation properties. The lightness of the structures makes them convenient for transportation and installation, which allows you to significantly reduce the duration of construction work.

The frame-panel method is another approach that is becoming widespread. It involves the use of panel panels that provide not only strength, but also stability of the final structure. The presence of different types of panels affects the speed of assembly and the level of protection from external factors. Interestingly, this method often uses pre-prepared elements, which allow you to minimize construction waste and achieve greater accuracy of installation.

The frame-tent method, in turn, is a unique solution that adapts to customer requirements and terrain characteristics. Flexible structures make it easy to change the volume and shape of buildings depending on the user's needs, which opens up new horizons for design.

The prefabricated buildings methods also include the permanent formwork method, in which the formwork remains inside the structure, increasing the insulation of the walls and giving the building special strength. This is especially important in regions with extreme climatic conditions, where additional thermal insulation plays a critical role.

All these aspects make the technology of prefabricated construction very attractive for many customers focused on efficiency and economy. As a result, modern technologies for the construction of prefabricated buildings, their adaptability and versatility create excellent prospects for their further implementation in construction practice.

Thus, the methods of applying prefabricated buildings technologies not only meet the requirements of the time, but also open up new horizons in the field of design and construction, creating a stable level of competition in the construction services market.

An important aspect of using the prefabricated buildings technology is compliance with construction, sanitary and fire safety standards, which guarantees the safety and comfort of operation of such buildings. The use of modern materials and technologies allows you to create structures that not only meet all the necessary standards, but also have high energy efficiency, which in turn helps reduce operating costs. Compared to traditional construction methods, prefabricated technologies can significantly reduce the time it takes to implement projects. For example, a process that would traditionally take several years can be completed in just a few months, which makes investing in such projects more profitable. In some cases, the cost of the object under construction can be reduced by tens of times, which is especially important in the context of market competition and limited budgets. Finally, compliance with standards and regulations for the rapid construction of buildings is a prerequisite for the successful implementation of projects. This not only guarantees the safety and quality of the constructed objects, but also helps increase the trust of customers and investors. It is important that laws and regulations adapt to new technologies, ensuring their integration into existing construction practices.

In conclusion, it should be said that modern technologies of prefabricated construction are an important tool for optimizing construction processes, increasing economic efficiency and improving the quality of life. Their implementation in construction practice opens up new opportunities for the development of the industry and meeting the needs of modern society. In the future, we can expect further improvement of technologies, which will further increase their efficiency and availability.

Modern construction technologies also take into account environmental aspects. The use of safer and more sustainable materials, such as lightweight, high-strength composite elements, reduces the negative impact on the environment and helps to create a more comfortable urban environment. In addition, the process of prefabrication of structures reduces the amount of waste produced during construction, which is a significant benefit for the process itself.

Thus, prefabricated concrete structures and related technologies are fundamentally changing the construction market. Process optimization and timeframes that can be reduced, as well as cost reduction, make such technologies especially attractive to developers. In addition, in the context of modern economic challenges, such construction methods are becoming increasingly relevant, allowing for the creation of high-quality facilities in a short time and with minimal costs. Prefabricated construction technologies continue to develop, and their use is expanding. This is largely due to the integration of new materials, which are becoming more accessible and diverse. Today, the market offers many solutions based on lightweight steel and aluminum structures, as well as composite materials, which carry the advantages of both types. The development of technologies allows designing and implementing new construction projects while maintaining a high level of quality and reliability.

The incentive for the implementation and development of such technologies is also consumer demand for a quick solution to housing and commercial problems. Many companies and private developers strive to obtain finished objects in the shortest possible time, which plays a decisive role in a rapidly changing market. The ability of prefabricated structures to meet these requirements makes them increasingly popular in the global market. Thus, the continuity and synergy of modern construction technologies and consumer needs serve as the basis for the further implementation of prefabricated structures in everyday practice. In the future, we can expect an even wider implementation of these technologies in various areas, which will contribute to improving the standard of living and creating a comfortable urban environment. Modern technologies and methods for the construction of prefabricated buildings of increased factory readiness represent not only an economically viable, but also an innovative approach to organizing construction processes, in particular, for the efficient construction of low-rise buildings in the conditions of the modern world.

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