3D MODELING OF A PRIVATE HOUSE AND ENTERPRISE, IN GERMANY, AND THEIR TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC CALCULATION

ABSTRACT

This study explores the technical and economic feasibility of photovoltaic installations for private homes and businesses in Germany. The purpose of this study is to provide an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of installing a photovoltaic system, including the choice of panels and inverters based on the specific electricity consumption of the customer. The study uses climatological data from the cities of Augsburg and Frankfurt and analyzes фthe differences in tariffs and taxes for private and commercial photovoltaic systems. The study shows that photovoltaic installations are a cost-effective and sustainable solution for both private and commercial consumers, providing a positive return on investment in the long term. In addition, the study highlights the importance of choosing the right type of photovoltaic system based on the customer's specific electricity consumption and technical requirements. The results of this study can serve as a useful guide for individuals and companies considering the possibility of installing a photovoltaic system in Germany.

Keywords: 3D modeling; technical and economic calculation

How PVSOL works

The PVSOL program is used to simulate the operation of a photovoltaic (PV) station and determine its efficiency. The principle of operation of the program is to create a virtual model of a PV station by entering various parameters, such as the geographical coordinates of the location, the orientation and inclination of the panels, the type and number of solar panels used, and other factors that may affect the performance of the system.

The program uses data from meteorological stations and solar radiometers to determine the intensity of solar radiation at the location of the PV station. Then, based on these data, the program calculates the performance of the PV station, which can be expressed in various metrics, such as annual or seasonal energy production, solar energy utilization coefficient, and others.

The user can use the program to determine the optimal parameters for installing a PV station in a specific location, which reduces the time and cost of implementing the project. In addition, the program allows you to conduct a comparative analysis between different PV station configurations and choose the most effective solution.

In general, the principle of operation of the PVSOL program is to create a virtual model of a PV station by setting various parameters and determining its performance based on data from meteorological stations and solar radiometers. The program allows you to reduce the time and cost of designing and determine the optimal solution for installing a PV station.

Step-by-step creation

Step-by-step model creation in the PVSOL program can be divided into the following steps:

Creating a new project: After launching the PVSOL program, you need to select the "New Project" option and set the project parameters, such as geographical coordinates, orientation and slope of the surface on which the panels will be placed, as well as the type of panels and inverter used.

Panel placement: Using the program tools, you can arrange the panels on the surface and set their orientation and tilt. To do this, you can use ready-made panel models or create your own model.

Setting parameters: Various parameters can be set in the PVSOL program, such as energy loss in cables, reduced panel efficiency at high temperatures, etc.

Analysis of the results: After the calculations are completed, the program provides the results in the form of graphs, tables and diagrams that allow you to evaluate the effectiveness of the PV station depending on the time of day, time of year and other parameters.

Optimization of parameters: If the calculation results do not meet the requirements, you can change the project parameters and repeat the calculations to optimize the operation of the PV station.

Data export: Upon completion of the work, you can export data to various formats, for example, in PDF format, to use them later for analysis or integration with other programs.

1.1Models of houses in Augsburg and Frankfurt

Now we will consider 3D modeling of a house in Augsburg, which was selected according to the following parameters:

1. Roof convenience

2. Direction relative to the cardinal direction

3. Annual consumption

1.1.1Plans and parts list

For these two projects, absolutely identical modules and an inverter were selected, the data for which will be below.

Table 1.

Plans and parts list

1.1.2Project overview in Augsburg

First of all, we will consider the “project overview” where a screenshot will be shown with the location of the modules and the roof itself, and it will also show what climatic data was used, output power, the number of modules and the number of inverters

Installation address

Am Hahnenwinkel 10

86517 Wehringen

Figure 1. Arrangement of modules, made in the PVSOL program

1. Climate data Augsburg, DEU

2. Source of DVD TMY3 values (Valentin Software)

3. The output power of the FE generator is 11.62 kW/peak

4. The surface of the PV generator is 54.7 m2

5. The number of PV modules is 28

6. Number of inverters 1

All your listed data has been configured and received in the PVSOL program

1.1.3Simulation of results in Augsburg

Next, the simulation results will be considered using the PVSOL program.

1. The output power of the FE generator is 11.62 kW/peak Spec
2. Annual output 1.016.44 kW/peak
3. Efficiency Coefficient (CE) 84.80 %
4. Reduction of output due to shading of 2.2 %
5. Generator PE energy (AC network) 11.815 kWh/Year
6. Own consumption 1.738 kWh/Year
7. Step-down regulation at the power point 0 kWh/Year
8. Mains power 10.077 kWh/Year
9. Own energy consumption 14.7 %
10. CO₂ emissions eliminated 5.551 kg/year

Figure 2. PV generator energy (AC grid).

1.1.4Financial analysis of the installation  in Augsburg

The financial analysis of a PV (photovoltaic) installation is an important part of the decision on its installation and operation. It allows you to evaluate the financial efficiency of the project and make an informed decision on whether it is worth investing in the installation of solar panels or not.

In particular, the financial analysis of the PV installation includes an assessment:

1. The cost of installing and operating a solar panel;
2. Internal rate of profit(GNP)
3. The amount of income from the sale of electricity produced;
4. Electricity production costs;

Based on the financial analysis carried out, it is possible to make an informed decision about whether it is worth investing in a PV installation, how much investment is needed and what amount of income can be expected. As a result, financial analysis helps to determine how effective investment in solar panels will be and helps to minimize the risks and uncertainties associated with such a project.

1.1.5Investment  analysis in Augsburg

1. Total investment costs 19.217 €

2. Internal rate of profit (GNP) 4.50 %

3. Depreciation period of 16.0 Years/years

4. Electricity production costs 0.0863 €/kWh

 Figure 3. Accrued Cash Flow (Cash Balance)

 During the analysis of this chart, we receive confirmation of our information received above about the depreciation period of 16 years. Our investments are also clearly visible, and how much they pay off annually.

1.1.6System data in Augsburg

In this part, system data will be considered in order to understand how effective this installation is, I analyze not only economic but also technical data that are below

1. Incoming network power for the first year (including module depreciation) 10.077 kWh/Year

2. The output power of the PV generator is 11.6 kW/peak

3. Start of operation of the system on 11.05.2023

4. Evaluation period 20 Years/years

5. Interest on capital 1 %

Economic parameters

1. Internal rate of profit (IRR) 4.50 %

2. Movement of accrued funds (cash balance) 10.242,42 €

3. Depreciation period of 16.0 Years/years

4. Electricity production costs 0.0863 €/kW

Compensation and savings

1. Total payments from communications for the first year 206.24 €/Year

2. Savings for the first year 641.45 €/Year

EEG 2023 (Teileinspeisung) Eigenverbrauch - Gebäudeanlagen Validity 01.01.2023 - 31.12.2042 [13]

1. Target tax on own consumption 0,3 €/kWh

2. Fee for own consumption 509.26 €/Year

EEG 2023 (Teileinspeisung) – Gebäudeanlagen Validity 01.01.2023 - 31.12.2043[13]

1. Target compensation for supply/export 0.071 €/kWh

2. Electricity tariff to the grid 715,4939 €/Year

private 6.9/37 (Example)

1. Energy cost 0.37 €/kWh

2. Base price 6,9 €/Month

3. Electricity price inflation index 7%/Year

Looking at the data obtained by simulation and simulation, we can conclude that this station has a sufficiently adequate payback period, as well as sufficient electricity generation, and to understand how profitable this station is in terms of electricity, consider Figure 4

Figure 4. Development of energy costs

According to this schedule, it can be concluded that the reduction in electricity costs will decrease significantly after the installation of a PV station, which is clearly visible.

1.1.7Modeling in Frankfurt.

Project Overview Frankfurt

Bahnhofstraße 24

Frankfurt-am-Main

Figure 5. Overview project in Frankfurt

1. Climate Data Frankfurt-am-Main, DEU
2. Values source DWD TMY3 (Valentin Software)
3. PV Generator Output 11,62 kWp 
4. PV Generator Surface 54.7 m²
5. Number of PV Modules 28
6. Number of Inverters 1

1.1.8Simulation Results in  Frankfurt.

Results Total System

1. PV Generator Output 11,62 kWp
2. Spec. Annual Yield 964,47kWh/kWp
3. Performance Ratio (PR) 83,97 %
4. Yield Reduction due to Shading 2,7 %
5. PV Generator Energy (AC grid) 11.212 kWh/Year
6. Own Consumption 1,630 kWh/Year
7. Down-regulation at Feed-in Point 0 kWh/Year
8. Grid Feed-in 9,581 kWh/Year
9. Own Power Consumption 14,5 %
10. CO₂ Emissions avoided 5.261 kg / year

Figure 6. PV generator energy (AC grid)

1.1.9Financial Analysis in Frankfurt

System Data

1. Grid Feed-in in the first year (incl. module degradation) 9,581 kWh/Year
2. PV Generator Output 11,6 kWp
3. Start of Operation of the System 11.05.2023
4. Assessment Period 20 Years Interest on Capital 1 %

Economic Parameters

1. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 3,22 %
2. Accrued Cash Flow (Cash Balance) 6,833 €
3. Amortization Period 17,6 Years
4. Electricity Production Costs 0,0963 €/kWh

Remuneration and Savings

1. Total Payment from Utility in First Year 202,55 €/Year
2. First year savings 601,62 €/Year

Payment Overview

1. Specific Investment Costs 1805 €/kWp
2. Investment Costs 20978 €

EEG 2023 (Teileinspeisung) Eigenverbrauch - Gebäudeanlagen Validity 01.01.2023 - 31.12.2042[13]

1. Specific Own Consumption Tax 0,3 €/kWh
2. Own Consumption Fee 477,71 €/Year

EEG 2023 (Teileinspeisung) - Gebäudeanlagen  Validity 01.01.2023 - 31.12.2043[13]

1. Specific feed-in / export Remuneration 0,071 €/kWh
2. Feed-in / Export Tariff 680,2594 €/Year

Private 6.9/37 (Example) Energy Price 0,37 €/kWh

1. Base Price 6,9 €/Month
2. Inflation Rate for Energy Price 7 %/Year

Figure 7. Development of energy costs

According to this graph, it can be concluded that the data that were obtained in Augsburg do not differ from the word at all, and that our electricity price drops quite a lot after the installation of a photovoltaic plant.

1.1.10 Investment  analysis in Frankfurt.

1. Total investment costs 20.978,00 €
2. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 3,22 %
3. Amortization Period 17,6 Years
4. Electricity Production Costs 0,0993 €/kWh

Figure 8. Accrued Cash Flow (Cash Balance)

In this diagram, we also observe that the payback coincides with the diagram, which our study proves

Conclusion

This study presents a detailed analysis of the technical and economic feasibility of installing photovoltaic (PV) systems in private homes and businesses in Germany. The study shows that, with the availability of various incentives and subsidies, PV installations can be a viable and sustainable solution for individuals and companies looking to reduce their energy costs and carbon footprint.

The study emphasizes the importance of conducting a thorough technical and economic calculation before making an investment in a PV system to ensure its profitability and long-term sustainability. By considering various factors such as the location, solar irradiation, shading, and the energy consumption of the building, individuals and companies can make informed decisions about the size and type of PV system that best suits their needs.

The study also provides valuable insights into the financial incentives and subsidies available for PV installations in Germany. For instance, individuals and businesses can benefit from feed-in tariffs, which provide a fixed payment for the excess electricity generated by their PV system that is fed back into the grid. Additionally, individuals can receive tax credits, and businesses can claim tax deductions for their PV investments.

The study further compares the economic viability of PV installations in two German cities, Augsburg and Dresden. While the climatic data for both cities is similar, the study finds that it is more profitable to install PV systems in Augsburg, as the payback period is 1.6 years faster than in Frankfurt. The study also shows that, after installation, electricity costs have significantly decreased, confirming the economic viability of PV installations in Germany.

Also looking at the figures that were obtained during the simulation, that is, from 1 to 8 figures. we have visible clear differences in the production of electricity, as well as in the comparison of payback and the price of electricity without a PV station and with it.

Overall, the study provides a valuable guide for individuals and companies considering the installation of PV systems in Germany, and highlights the importance of conducting a thorough technical and economic analysis before making an investment. The study's findings are relevant today and can contribute to Germany's transition to renewable energy.

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