ECOLOGICAL SETTLEMENTS AS A NEW TYPE OF URBAN STRUCTURE SUSTAINABILITY

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОСЕЛЕНИЯ КАК НОВЫЙ ТИП УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ ГОРОДСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ

Кононова Валерия Михайловна

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Морозова Анастасия Сергеевна

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Калпак Климентий Федорович

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Юдина Ирина Ивановна

преподаватель, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной статье рассматривается вопрос экологических поселений, с точки зрения их устойчивости как городских поселений, приводится описание нескольких урбанизированных образований, подходящих под определение, а также дается сравнение зарубежного и российского опыта их организации и перечисляются принципы создания экологических поселений.

ABSTRACT

This article deals with the issue of eco-settlements in terms of their sustainability as urban settlements, it describes several urbanized entities that fit the definition, as well as compares foreign and Russian experiences of their organization and it lists the principles of eco-settlements.

Ключевые слова: экологические поселения; города нового типа; энергоэффективные технологии.

Keywords: ecological settlements; new type cities; energy efficient technologies.

One of the first countries to adopt green standards for building construction and certification was the UK (BREEAM, 1990), followed by the US (LEED, 1993) and other countries.

The eco-settlements that emerged at the end of the 20th century already met the requirements of the introduced green building standards and were characterized by the active use of modern energy-efficient technologies and computerized methods of building system management.

Modern energy efficient technologies include:

• use of Passive House technologies (warm windows, heat recuperators, structures without thermal bridges)
• use of smart house systems
• energy-efficient lighting and appliances
• use of automated systems for protecting building walls from overheating and overcooling
• favorable microclimate in the building through controlled ventilation systems and air quality control systems;
• systems of biological waste treatment
• installation of vertical greenery with automatic irrigation systems

Let us start by comparing foreign and domestic experiences. At the outset, we should note some similarities between experiences around the world. For example, there is currently no officially recognized concept of ecological settlements in foreign and Russian legislation. It follows that we can rely on the most authoritative sources in this field. Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) defines ecological settlement as a settlement of people implementing a model of sustainable development based on a holistic approach to nature and man, the material and spiritual as an inseparable whole. The Global Ecovillage Network also establishes the four most important dimensions of sustainability - social, cultural, environmental and spiritual.

Before the introduction of ecological standards in the field of construction in the late twentieth century, most foreign settlements of the type in question sought to reduce emissions of harmful substances and rubbish, and to minimize consumption and recycling of waste. Prominent examples are the Ecovillage ecological settlement in Ithaca (New York, USA), the Earthaven Ecovillage (USA), the Tamera ecological settlement (Portugal), the Sieben Linden ecological settlement (Germany). By reviving the traditions of farmers, actively cooperating with them, using alternative energy sources, ergonomic distribution of resources and land, these projects were able to get closer to full harmony with nature with a proper standard of living.

At the end of the twentieth century, after the introduction of ecological standards in the field of construction, eco-settlements began to appear in which the main idea was exclusively the engineering orientation of the project. Here are a few European settlements in which the concept of the architectural appearance of the uniform residential buildings is banal and unimpressive, but the planning structure of both the entire area and the houses in particular is subject to strict logic and calculation: Lindas (Sweden), 'solar' settlements, Gelsenkirchen (Germany).

The most prominent representatives of foreign experience are eco-settlements such as Earth House Estate Lättenstrasse (Dietikon, Switzerland) and ReGen Villages (the Netherlands).  The founder of the first project is the architect Pieter Wetsche, who is considered a model for combining landscape design and volumetric design with innovative engineering technology and structural solutions. The houses are concrete structures and, in order to preserve the natural landscape, most of the houses are placed underground or in small hills. The land here acts as a natural blanket, protecting the dwelling from heat and cold, wind and rain, and as its own green lawn on the roof of one's home.

The second project, on the other hand, has set itself the task of finding a solution to the problem of food, and more specifically of creating a complete cycle of local 'food production'. According to calculations, the residents' food needs will be met to a large extent through cutting-edge technologies: vertical cultivation and aquaponics, for example, an artificial ecosystem that works on the principle of a fish and plant ecosystem: fish provide food for plants, and plants purify the water. With this approach, the area available for agricultural activities is reduced by up to ten times, allowing it to be reallocated to public areas.

Turning to the domestic experience, it is worth mentioning that at the moment there are also two periods in the history of development of eco-settlements in our country: the period after the economic and social reforms of the 1980s - early 1990s and the period after the 2000s. The first phase was characterized by the establishment of eco-settlements as a new socio-economic form of rural development, in this period they were similar to villages, where they were engaged in cultivation of vegetable crops. Examples include the "Atshi" eco-village in the village of Ust-Sakhrai (Adygea Republic), the "RA Century'' in the village of Mezmai (Apsheronsky District, Krasnodar Territory), the Kitezh eco-village (Kaluga Region) and the Grishino eco-village (Leningrad Region).

Ecological settlements in Russia have arisen and are still arising for a variety of reasons:

• desire to live in ecologically clean areas and preserve the surrounding nature
• commercial intentions - production of ecologically clean products, development of agro tourism
• implementation of educational or social programs
• creation of unique objects in an isolated and remote area
• religious and ideological considerations - providing a compact accommodation for community members

The second breath for the eco-settlement movement came from the idea of "kinship estates''. The idea of "clan settlements" was given a second lease of life by Vladimir Megre's books "Ringing Cedars of Russia", considered to be one of the ideologues of the movement. Also the given theory has won support in the Government of the Russian Federation, considering it positive and echoing ideas of one-story Russia. However, the draft federal law was rejected by the Russian State Duma. The basis of the idea is the assertion that a one-hectare plot of land allows the creation of a self-replicating sustainable ecosystem on it, allowing plants and animals to coexist favorably and protect themselves from disease. ecological settlements Kovcheg (Kaluga region), Oasis, Vedrusia, Blueberry, Balabushki, Fairyland (Krasnodar region) are examples of settlements that adhere to this theory.

Commercial eco-settlements, which are maintained by funds from a specific source, are also quite well known. For example, the eco-settlement Lefkadia Valley (Moldavanskoye village, Krasnodar Krai). Economically diversified, including several diversified enterprises (winery, cheese factory, agro-complex), the settlement provides its inhabitants with the traditional ways of ancient agrarian craftsmanship and modern comfortable living conditions. Another example is the village of Dobrograd (Kovrovsky district, Vladimir region). Entrepreneur Vladimir Sedov is investing in the village of Dobrograd and he is managing the construction of an ecological settlement, guided by the principles of living in an ecological environment with all the benefits of civilization and a well thought-out, modern infrastructure. At this stage, the state is interested in the project, so that the eco-village is supported by various ministries.

A sustainable city is a city designed with consideration of the human impact on the environment, with a tendency to reduce energy and water consumption, to lock them into independent cycles, to avoid excessive heat generation, air and water pollution.

A sustainable eco-city can exist with minimal dependence on its surroundings and produce energy from renewable sources. The inclusion of agricultural and energy elements (solar, wind, etc. generators) in the eco-landscape of the polis is necessary. This is necessary to provide the settlement with independent food and energy resources.

The basic principles that apply to all established or emerging eco-settlements are as follows:

• harmonious interaction with the natural environment, minimizing (no) negative impact on it
• creation of conditions for healthy and long life
• creation of conditions for harmonious personal development

These fundamental principles underpin the entire ideology of eco-settlements. These are the pursuit of autonomy in the broadest sense of the word, sustainable agriculture, sustainable use of nature, the use of renewable resources for life, a healthy lifestyle, a proper diet of organic products. This ideology is characteristic of all eco-settlements. But it should be kept in mind that each eco-settlement may additionally impose certain environmental and lifestyle restrictions on its settlers: restrictions on noisy works and any domestic noise at certain times of the day; refusal to use certain materials or technologies; prohibition of the presence of vehicles on the territory of the settlement, etc.

The main advantages of living in an eco-settlement are the following:

• clean air
• daily physical activity
• peace, quietness
• safety and spaciousness

The disadvantages of living in an eco-village are the following:

• the need to get used to the new environment, the lack of the usual urban amenities
• poor infrastructure: the nearest shops, banks and hospitals may be far away from the settlement

In conclusion it should be said that the idea of organizing eco-settlements is gaining more and more momentum in its promotion. Thousands of people live in eco-settlements, tens of thousands visit them annually as tourists, and even more people are interested in getting information. The eco-settlements reach out to the regional and federal level to influence legislation in order to obtain official status and support for development. There is active cooperation between the settlements themselves, new structures of the Russian eco-societies are being established, and the desire to become part of international associations is also important. Therefore, this area has many prospects and grounds for success; the main thing is to correctly and clearly form the model of the future eco-settlement.

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